The United States Constitution Essay Example for Free

The United States Constitution EssayIntroductionThe R exploitationary War had come to a tolerable conclusion, and no fussy cause of urgency gripped the delegates to the Constitutional collection, as they gathered in Philadelphia in the spring of 1787. The Continental relation conducted each functions of the central governance since the commencement of its first session in September of 1774, on the heals of the capital of Massachu roundaboutts expression Act. News of this latest move of the British Parliament, which ordered the closing of Bostons view as pending the repatriation of losses suffered by the East India Comp each on account of Bostons infamous tea party, reached American shores in May of that year (Rakove 21). The rallying address during the American Revolution was for American sovereignty to establish independence from Britain, firearm the major bring downs that motivated that cry centered on the protection of colonial retention from the long arm of the Br itish Parliament. Acts of Parliament in the 1760s and 1770s, such as the disturbingly invasive Stamp Act of 1765, struck m whatsoever colonists as as well demanding, and intolerable violations of local control (Keane 89). While the Stamp Act was particularly inflammatory, Parliament passed numerous acts during this period, including the Sugar Act of 1764, the Declaratory Act and T have gotshend Acts from 1767 to 1769, and the Boston Port act of 1774 (Rakove 22).The predominant substance of these acts was taxation the m otherwise country felt such taxes should be expected from the colonists to assure they contri merelyed their share toward supporting the empire and preserving the benefits all English citizens enjoyed from this empire. The protectioning of global interchange provided a magnanimous example it augmented the wealth of the empire and her mercantile class. Parliament regulated this trade, and protected its continuation by the provision of war ships.But the extractions o f wealth Britain demanded from her American colonists to support the empire were not seen as justified by many in America. Britain was embroiled in a long-standing war against France. The colonists believed they were being taxed excessively to support this war effort. Many colonists felt they paid their dues to the empire by suffering rule exposure to the French and Indians during recent conflicts, and resented the additional imposition of greater taxation (Keane 88). They demanded greater local control over the levels of r take downue to be submitted to Britain, and an exclusive right to determine the room of collecting that revenue.Many patriots, such as Samuel Adams, worked for years to pull together a more(prenominal) unified American resistance to British strikes. On the heals of the Boston Port Act, Adams noted that American solution to it suddenly wrought a Union of the Colonies which could not be brought about by the Industry of years in reasoning on the necessity of it for the Common Safety (Rakove 40). Urgency beset the delegates as they gathered to coordinate a response to recent onerous parliamentary measures, and governing low the First Continental Congress got to a lower placeway. Within a year they shifted from evaluating diplomatic responses to coordinating the American forces preparedness for war against British troops.By the summer of 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence, declaring for King and country that remedy, compromise, and reconciliation no longer sufficed. Events now necessitated a clean break with the mother country. The Continental Congress, military operational downstairs the framework established by the Articles of alignment, fulfilled American requirements for centralized governing body through the successful completion of the ultra War in 1783, and until the pitch-dark spring of 1787 (Bowen).What conditions caused the delegates gathered for the convention in Philadelphia in 1787 to propose a radica lly different politics? What motivated them to propose the dissolution of the Continental Congress, and insinuate that the sovereignty of their respective pleads be usurped by a reinvigoratedly forged national government? How did issues of control over keeping enter into this dynamic? This paper examines and gives answers to these questions.Conditions Leading Up to the ConstitutionRadical in nature and rotatory in result, the proposal formulated by the Convention of 1787 far exceeded the evolutionary goals set forth in the guidance given to delegates prior to their arrival. The produce legislatures, firmly sovereign under the Articles, did not send delegates in the expectation that the result would be a Federal government subjecting the states to the will of a national sovereign.The Continental Congress sanctioned the Philadelphia convention for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation (Bowen 4). Instead of revising the Articles, the proposal e manating from the Convention move the Articles into a dead letter, upon its adoption by state ratification conventions. Moreover, the delegates formulated a government so radically different in nature that its breadth and scope was not even contemplated as a realistic possibility by the population at large in the Spring of 1787 (Larson).Defects of the existing system, more than the pleasure of free intellectual discourse, provided the principle motivation for the delegates to generate the solutions contained in the new Constitution. Two prominent problem areas compelled them to formulate this radical proposal for change. First, vices of the state governments, which could not be adequately restrained under the existing system, resulted in numerous problems motivating reform (capital of Wisconsin 4).The second set of military forces at work for change was the insurmountable limitation besetting the Continental Congress in its effort to carry out its assigned functions. These forces create pincers of change operating on the delegates. Property rights played an important role in both arms of these pincers. Many delegates at the Convention believed that the state governments lots abused their empowerment by unjustly imp playing private property rights they looked for opportunities to curb these abuses through a newly formulated national power (Nedelsky 22-23). Additionally, the Continental Congress lack of authority over property contributed substantially to its ineffectiveness.Restrictive trade measures pursued by both Britain and France within a year of the Treaty of capital of France proved to be more detrimental to American interests than the British retention of forts on the new countrys frontier. Britain discriminated against American commerce in numerous ways, including the closure of its pro advance ports and those of the West Indies to ships from her lost colony.Such provocations should have been met with retaliatory commercial measures. Unfortunat ely, the Continental Congress lacked the authority to coordinate such measures, and since the impacts of various options fell with different force upon each state, no particular option would be readily agreed to or complied with by the various legislatures. While the British parliament coordinated trade policy to punish American commercial interests, the Americans could not coordinate a retaliatory policy to force the British to reverse their practices (Mee 30).Secure access to the multiple sclerosis River was pivotal to the issue of commerce for all inhabitants of the Western frontier, and proved to be another source of consternation for those counting on the Continental Congress for solutions. The sweat of products to ports from interior greases relied on shipping them down the Mississippi, through the Gulf of Mexico, to ports on the Atlantic Ocean. Relying on over-land routes to ports on the Atlantic was unpractically expensive, in 1784, Spain declared that the Mississippi shut to American navigation (Keane 94-5).In addition to grappling with Mississippi navigational rights, Congress was also attempting to guide the development and settlement of Western lands. Setting up the framework of the nations expansion to the West, and the admission into the Confederacy of future states resulting from this settlement, was another key challenge facing Congress. As settlers streamed to the West, they required protection from the native populations, who were typically dis primed(p) without funfair compensation, and who often heckled and attacked settlements in response (Mee 207-208). Protection for such settlers could not be provided in earnest, due to the ever- stick in incapacity of Congress to find funds to reserve to the cause, as well as substantial disagreement about the details of how Western settlement should proceed.During American report around the time of the crafting of the Constitution, poverty truly likely did mean sloth and idleness (Bowen 70). At that time, land was an abundant resource and three-quarters of Americans earned their living in agricultural pursuits. Labor was comparatively scantily no large pool of unemployed people existed to keep downward pressure on wages. Eligibility to vote during this period typically required that one own enough property to qualify as a freeholder.Most citizens possessed property exceeding these prescribed thresholds. Robert Morris, one of the nations leading financiers, and a delegate to the Convention, estimated that ninety percent of those otherwise eligible to vote in America met the requirements to be considered freeholders (Nedelsky 77). To qualify as a freeholder in Virginia for the first elections held under the new Constitution, a white male over twenty-one years of age needed to own either fifty acres of property, or twenty-five acres with a house (Labunski 152). Even poor immi haves could normally find work that paid well enough to allow them to accumulate adequate savings to purchase land.Americans of the revolutionary era were particularly susceptible to political arguments stressing property rights. Easy avail qualification of land had long characterized colonial society, and by the time of the revolutionary crisis the ownership of land was widespread. Indeed, this broad distribution of property was one of the most distinctive features of colonial life, in marked contrast with the situation in England. Even landless persons could middling hope to become owners eventually (Labunski 160-3).Achieving any reform through amending the Articles of Confederation required the agreement of all thirteen states. All prior attempts at amendments failed to arrive at such a consensus. Rhode Island did not send delegates to the Convention, and for years openly taketed that the state had no interest in allowing modifications to the Articles. While the delegates ostensible purpose was to propose an evolution to government under the Articles, such a path already had a track record of failure. The performance of the state governments caused much concern. The Continental Congress lacked the authority to check the transgressions of the states or carry out essential national functions on their own accord (Bowen 235).These conditions convinced the gathering delegates that action was required. Many of their most momentous concerns with political operations at the state level and national level were connected to the issue of property rights. The Founding Fathers gathered in Philadelphia with a longing to retain a government founded on the republican principle of majority rule, while also formulating new safeguards for the protection of property beyond those present under state governments. Previous attempts at evolution proving fruitless, the delegates turned to revolutionary proposals in pursuit of these aims.Constitutional ConventionAs capital of Wisconsin entered the Pennsylvania State family unit to attend the Constitutional Convention, in Ma y of 1787, he struggled to resolve the tension between formulating a republican government based on the will of the majority, and preserving legal expert for the minority in matters of personal liberties, such as the protection of property. Establishing a slopped enough tether to protect the minority from such measures while solace preserving republican principles would not be easy. What steps did the framers take in establishing a republic to protect property rights from being plundered by the majority?They successfully pursued both explicit run-in to protect property, and a structural aspiration that implicitly lead to the protection of property. The resulting construction left many particular questions about property unanswered, but bestowed to future generations a government framework that rested on republican principles while also assuring a relatively high level of protection for the rights of the propertied minority. The success of Madison and his compatriots at this end eavor, in the form of our Constitution, placed American government on a strong foundation from which to proceed (Labunski 189-94).The Constitution contains explicit language establishing authorities related to property rights and safeguards for the protection of private property. Before addressing the way the new governments structural design implicitly protects the rights of those holding property, these explicit provisions will be reviewed. They are predominantly located in Article I of the Constitution, which outlines the legislative framework of the new government.The framers aimed to place significant new limits on the ability of states to enact legislation assaulting property rights or redistributing property, such as the troublesome wave of debtor backup man laws states subjected creditors to in the years following the Revolutionary War. Language in Article I, percentage 10, established specific restrictions on the power of states. Included therein was a prohibition on forc ing creditors to accept payment tendered in anything other than gold or silver coin, also known as specie (Larson 198).Section 8 of Article I, which delineated the powers given to the new national Congress, granted that body the power to coin money and regulate its value, while Section 10 prohibited the states from doing so. This language took aim at the notorious practice of printing money, which often turned out to be valueless, and forcing creditors to accept it as payment for debt. The framers also seek to protect the property of creditors from plunder by reinforcing contractual obligations binding debtors and creditors (Ely 45).In a move destined to have far-reaching implications relative to the sanctity of contract law, and its magnificence in protecting propertied interests under all contractual arrangements, Section 10 prohibited states from enacting any law impairing the obligation of contracts (Larson 207). These provisions, along with the assurance provided under Artic le VI that all debts valid under the Confederation remained enforceable under the Constitution, were all efforts to protect the property of creditors. They shielded the minority creditor class from the political muscle the debtor class brandished so successfully under the Articles of Confederation.The regulation of commerce impacts private property, by influencing its value in numerous ways and providing a venue for its fair trade. As with the production of coins, the framers both explicitly granted Congress the power to regulate commerce, and prohibited states from interfering with such regulations.The previous atom explored many of the areas in which the limited authority the Continental Congress exercised over commerce between states and with foreign powers caused difficulties. The gathering of the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 followed a Convention held in Annapolis, Maryland in 1786, which gathered primarily for the propose of proposing amendments to the Articles of Confeder ation that would allow for the national regulation of commerce (Larson 207).Delegates from only five states arrived at the Annapolis Convention such meager participation made it clear that any substantive measures emanating from the gathering would be stillborn. But, instead of dispersing with no action at all, Madison and others present called on the states to send delegates to Philadelphia nine months later to devise such further provisions as shall appear to them necessary to render the constitution of the federal government adequate to the exigencies of the Union (Rakove 374).The weak Continental Congress could not prevent such measures, and commercial regulations between the various states and between states and foreign powers often plundered the value of property by establishing regulations to assist some groups with little regard for the interests of others. The explicit limits in Section 10 on state powers included language clarifying that states could not lay any imposts o n imports or exports or enter into any compacts with other states without the consent of Congress. Particularly important to delegates from the land-rich southern states, Section 9, which spelled out specific limits on the power of the national Congress, provided protection for the propertied agrarian interests by banning any tax on exports (Ely 43-4).The state governments show their lack of resolve to provide adequate protections to property rights under the Articles of Confederation. In all the areas discussed above, delegates attempted to remedy this within the republic being constructed by explicitly placing matters in the hands of the national government and limiting the power of state legislatures.Madison feared this would not be enough, and worked hard to achieve another safeguard from the blasting power of the states. While constructing a government based on the principle of majority rule inherently resulted in some threat to the personal liberties of the minority, Madison believed the new national government afforded better protection for such liberties than the state governments. He therefore fought to provide the national government with the power to veto any measures passed by the state legislatures, as a means of holding the untrustworthy state governments in check (Labunski 247).On the issue of taxation, those desiring more power be shifted to the central government won a major victory at the Philadelphia Convention. Experience under the Articles of Confederation demonstrated that for the national government to be effective, it mustiness not be left to rely on the willingness of the states to provide revenue. Unlike the issues above, no language would prevent states from taking action in the area of taxes this would be an area of mutual responsibility. The list of powers explicitly granted to Congress in Article I, Section 8, begins with the power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises (Larson 205).Under the Articles of Confeder ation, the central government lacked the means of carrying out most measures, because the states often refused to provide funds when requisitioned to do so. Alexander Hamilton, in Federalist Paper 15, claimed that this inability to raise revenue by acting directly on citizens was the great and radical vice in the construction of the existing confederation (108). The delegates agreed with Hamilton and others that this limitation must be remedied to allow any central government to operate effectively. Many believed the best solution would leave the power of direct taxation only in the hands of the state government, and grant a coercive power to the national government, by which it might force the states to comply with requisitions.However, the Federalists believed this position to fanciful, pointing out that coercing states resulted inevitably in coercing actual citizens. In mustering military force against a state that did not fulfill a requisition, it would inevitably be the citizen s of that state receiving the blows, for example. The state, an ephemeral geo-political entity, can not itself be coerced (Doughtery 171).Worse yet, any measures meant to induce obedience would inevitably punish indiscriminately. It would not be only those unwilling to pay their share of a requisition in a state that would suffer from such measures. Applying coercive measures could not be a surgical exercise of carving out only the malignant specimen. It would instead be like a knight charging toward a phalanx landing his blow upon any member of the line present at the end of his lance. All citizens of a state would be subject to the suffering resulting from any coercive measures.Ratification of The ConstitutionVesting the central government with the ability to raise taxes and thereby redistribute property directly, without work through the states, required achieving a proper balance between providing the central government with inadequate power and excessive power. The resulting c ompromise required that any direct taxation by the national government would be apportioned according to population, which shielded those with land wealth from shouldering exorbitant shares of federal expenditures (Ely 43-4). Despite the efforts of those at the Convention, the issue of taxation proved to be one of the most contentious issues during the Constitution ratification debates held in each state.In the debate leading up to the supple margin of victory for the Federalists supporting the Constitutions ratification, the Anti-Federalists kept bringing this issue to the surface as a prominent example of the new governments excessive power. After this vote, the Virginians turned to developing Constitutional amendments to forward to the new government for consideration and adoption. The vote to forward an amendment limiting the central governments ability to directly tax passed by a wider margin than the vote on the ratification of the Constitution itself, indicating that even so me of its supporters harbored concerns about giving the new government such power (Labunski 115).Though the word slave does not appear in the Constitution, three specific provisions strengthening the hands of slave-owners in the protection of their property interests were granted, in an effort to attain Southern support for the resulting document. First, it was agreed in Article I, Section 9, that importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit could not be regulated by Congress prior to 1808 (Larson 206).Second, language in Article IV established that fugitive slaves must be returned to their owners, even in the event they cross state lines. While these two provisions treated slaves as property, the third provision dealt with determining the strength of each states commission in the House of Representatives. Southern delegates wanted them counted as people in formulating the distribution of representatives in Congress, to assure the adeq uate protection of their interests at the national level. On this last point, the delegates reached a compromise of counting three-fifths of the slave population for the purposes of Congressional apportionment (Larson 208).These provisions all strengthened the position of slave owners, and substantiate the claim that slavery was more clearly and explicitly established under the Constitution than it had been under the Articles (Ely 46). However, it would be a mistake to accuse the delegates to the Convention of being oblivious to the moral implications of slavery. Indeed, the ability to hold other humans as slaves under established property law placed vexing restraints on the delegates ability to claim that property rights flow out of raw(a) law.No one in 1787 defended the ownership of slaves as included among the natural rights of property. And yet most of the framers believed that since slavery existed as a matter of positive law, slave owners could claim the right to have their property secure. This painful reminder that not all positive rights of property were natural rights, or perhaps even consistent with natural rights, meant that the arguments for the security of property could not simply rely on claims of natural right (Nedelsky 153).It would be more accurate to conclude that slavery protections were an inevitable extension of the general importance the delegates placed on property rights, than to reach the conclusion that slavery itself was hotly contested, and that property protections grew out of any overarching debate on the topic of slavery. Many present at the Convention despised the peculiar institution, and most were morally uncomfortable with it, but accepted its existence as an extant political reality. Its management was incidental to the larger issue of protecting property rights in general, and its existence limited the ability of the delegates to claim that those protections flowed inextricably from mans natural rights (Larson).The fram ers achieved a desirable balance on the issue of property rights in the development of the Constitution. They enhanced the autonomy of individuals living under the resulting government by their efforts to balance governments power over property against the rights of individuals over property. They substantially enhanced the power of the central government over property compared to government under the Articles of Confederation, while curbing the ability of state governments to impact property. They retained republican principles such as the rule of the majority. Thereby, no individual possessed haughty control over property. Nobody could think of themselves as a king with rights to property granted by God, and count on complete immunity from governmental impacts on property or redistribution of property (Ely).On the other side of the balance, explicit language and implicit structural safeguards were established to protect property rights and other essential liberties for everyone, even those in the minority. No large republics existed when the framers did this work, so they could not simply draw on the experience of others. They were familiar with a long history of monarchs and nobility holding onto power and wielding it to protect their property rights.They were also familiar with government under the Confederation, which brought the benefits of republican government to the citizens of America, but did not adequately safeguard property from the political agenda of a majority looking to improve their position at the expense of property owners. In the Constitution, the founders achieved a desirable balance, and succeeded in constructing a government that preserved republican virtues while also protecting minority liberties, such as the protection of property rights.ConclusionThe framers of the Constitution placed a high priority on protecting the rights of individuals to acquire, accumulate, and appropriate property. Balancing the protection of property rights with the establishment of a national government founded on the republican principle of upholding the interests of the majority provided a key challenge for the members of the Constitutional Convention. The Articles of Confederation left sovereign power in the hands of each of the confederated states. The state constitutions, while far from uniform, all provided republican forms of government. As such, state legislative bodies responded readily to the outcries of their constituents.The majority wielded substantial power to achieve their aims, regardless of the justice of their cause. This often resulted in a lack of protection for the property of the more affluent minority, as they struggled against the will of the majority to redistribute property. The Founding Fathers judged many state legislative actions, pursued by the will of the majority, to be an unscrupulous taking of property from one group to benefit another. In particular, debtor relief acts, passed in the wake of the Rev olutionary War, often heavily favored the debtor class over the propertied financiers of the war effort.The delegates that gathered at the Philadelphia Convention in May 1787, felt compelled to formulate a government providing greater protection for individual property rights. At the same time, they remained committed to retaining a system predicated on republican principles. No licit republican government could simply disregard the will of the majority by placing a cabal of the propertied few perpetually in power.The structure and operation of the government that grew out of the Constitution they created came about in no small measure due to efforts to balance tension between protecting the rights of individuals to safeguard property, and the rights of a republican government to exercise control over property for the benefit of the majority of the public. Viewed within the context of their place in history, the compromises they established in response to this tension were appropria tely crafted to enhance the autonomy of those citizens living under the resulting government.BibliographyBowen, Catherine Drinker. Miracle at Philadelphia The Story of the Constitutional Convention May to September 1787. Boston, Massachusetts Little, Brown and Company, 1986.Ely, James. The protector of Every Other Right A Constitutional History of Property Rights. New York Oxford University Press, 1990.Keane, John. Tom Paine, A Political Life. Boston, Massachusetts Little, Brown and Company, 1995.Labunski, Richard. James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights. New York Oxford University Press, 2006.Larson, Edward F. and Michael P. Winship, Eds. The Constitutional Convention A Narrative from the Notes of James Madison. New York The Modern Library, 2005.Madison, James. Vices of the Political System of the United States, 1787, Teaching American History, 2007 http//www.teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=802Mee, Charles L. The Genius of the People. New York Harper Row, 1987.Nedelsky, Jennifer. Private Property and the Limits of American Constitutionalism. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1990.Rakove, Jack N. The Beginnings of National Politics. New York Alfred A. Knopf, 1979.

Snapshot Of The Tourism Industry In Malta Tourism Essay

snatch Of The tourism sedulousness In Malta Tourism EssayThe Tourism Industry form one of the key pillars of the Maltese Economy contributing 23.7% of the labour market. Over the past forty long time the continuous growth of the Industry has been a contributive factor in encouraging local wrinkle line men to attach the number of hotels on the island thus creating healthy competition, particularly in the v hint segment. However, despite the structural differences, each hotel faces the alike environmental forces. in that respectfore, the key to survival lies with the strategies implemented to gain competitive advantage.This report examines how each of the various Forces has shaped Corinthia castling Hotel Spas line of work decisions. In this assignment, The Director of Finance Claire Mifsud, and The Director of Sales Karl Schranz, give their views on the macro and micro environmental forces that relate to Porters quintet Forces Model.Section 2 play along HistoryAt the tender age of twenty tether, Mr Alfred Pisani saw a window of opportunity to enable him to enter the hotel industry. Three years afterwards purchasing a 1920 private residence then c soloed Villa Refalo, the Pisani family began to operate this property as the Villa Corinthia Restaurant (IL-Haddiem, 1968). His dreams of becoming a hotelier coupled with business sharpness led him to seek ways to expand the family business. When he became aware of an opportunity to receive a soft goernment loan, he engaged the service of processs of couturier Dom Mintoff, who drew up the plans for a 152 bedroom hotel which was to be amongst one of the first 5 star hotels having full conference facilities. Mr. Pisanis sheer determination and vision, drove him to insert a business plan which convinced The British Collonial Government to award him a loan of 1.2 one million million US dollars. The hotel construction project commenced under the charge of architect Dom Mintoff and Four years later, in June of 1968, Mr Pisani held the official opening ceremony in the presence of, prominent society figures such(prenominal) as the then look of Education, Culture and Tourism, Doctor George Borg Olivier, His Excellency Duke of Edinburgh and renowned actor Roger Moore (IL-Haddiem, 1968).This grand Boutique style hotel is located near the official residence of the Official Residence of the professorship of the Republic of Malta and the San Anton Botanical Gardens. This hotel has since gained an excellent reputation and has been given many prestigious awards in the Global Travel and Tourism Industry with the most recent cosmos that of Maltas Leading Hotel1in the 2010 World Travel Awards. The current General Manager, Mr. Rota, acclaims the hotels success to its Trademark Maltese Hospitality. This hospitality is overly the Unique Selling Point (USP) of the Corinthia Brand.2.1 Company Mission StatementOur Mission is to provide our guests with the craftsmanship of care2.2 Research Met hodologyThe information to meet the objectives of this assignment was gathered from the following sources -I conducted a series of converses with Key Management members who are instrumental in formulating business strategies for the Company, namely, Ms. Claire Mifsud, Director of Finance at The Corinthia Hotel and Spa and Mr. Karl Schranz, Director of Sales at Corinthia telephone exchange Sales Office who were also given questionnaires to complete.The second means was in terms of Desk Research through various media sources.Section 3 Definition of an IndustryThe Oxford English Dictionary succinct description of an Industry is -a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activitySnapshot of the Tourism Industry in Malta3.1 World Tourism BenchmarkingThere is a wealth of information available to assist the wrinkle Sector to assess the viability of the Tourism Industry. One medium used by the Corinthia rook Hotel is the report published by The World Travel and Tourism Coun cil. The report uses mold Indices which may be valuable to ascertain an Industrys attractiveness and future economic emf. However, as Malta is a Small Island Destination, competition must also be measured from a world(a) perspective of tourism.3.2 Tourisms Economic Performance on the IslandAccording to the World Travel and Tourism Council 2010 report2, Travel and Tourism contributes towards 19.4% of the Maltese Islands GDP (EUR1,151.4 million) with a forecasted make up of a further 3.6 % by 2020. Export Earnings from International Visitors is expected to reap in the region of 777 million, with a forecasted growth to 1443.4 million by 2020. Currently, 23.7% of the drudge Market is employed in Industry Related Occupations and it is anticipated that this go forth rise to 28.9 % by 2020. These statistics substantiate the theory that Travel and Tourism leave anticipate one of the key engines for growth in the Maltese Economy.3.3 Tourist PerformanceAt the time of preparing thi s assignment, the National Statistics Office had not yet issued the official statistics for 2010. However, in a press conference held in January 2011, the Parliamentary Secretary for Tourism, Mr. Mario De Marco, estimated that the total number of Tourists was estimated to be in the region of 1.3 million3. This equates to a 0.1 million increase on 2009 figures4.During the first 11 months of the 2010, Cruise Liner Traffic reached a total of 467,142 passengers5, however only 3 % of passengers (14,441) landed in Malta. Therefore despite the fact that nearly half a million cruise passengers visited the island, rattling few stayed in hotels overnight. According to the Domestic Market, the local preference is to reside in Four principal Hotels and statistics show that during the month of November, the 5 Star segment produced a total of 9,638 bed nights.3.4 embodied Accommodation Establishments on the Maltese Islands There are a total of 158 accommodation establishments on the Maltese Isl ands6, fifteen of which are classified with a 5 Star Rating. Renowned International Hotel Brands such as Hilton, InterContinental, Kempinski Resorts, Radisson and Starwood Hotels currently compete for the same market. The two longest established 5 Star Hotels on the island are The Phoenicia and The Corinthia Palace Hotel and Spa. During the month of October, the 5 Star Hotel accommodation tier yielded an average occupancy of 73 %.Section 4 -The use of PESTLE to scan the Broad surroundings for reasonrs of change.There are many characteristics or strategic elements that may deviate the life cycle of the local tourism industry.One organisation, acting independently, may retain very little influence on the broad environment however, the forces in this environment can take away a tremendous impact on the organisation (Enz, C.A, 2010).p167.Consequentially, in todays local business scenario, if one was to consider this statement it con unanimouss the school of thought that organisati ons within the tourism industry, will face difficulties when trying to manipulate the broad environment.However, according to The principle of characterisationorganisations do not have to submit to the existing forces in the environment. (St.John, Harrison ,2010)8.A uplifted percentage of local hoteliers have opted for Management Agreements with Internationally Renowned Brands. such(prenominal) strategy allows local operators to capitalise on the Brand Marketing and be Customer Base to attract business, however, Corinthia Palace Hotel has evolved its own Brand. This strategic decision was interpreted as a means to differentiate from some other hotels by pass authentic Maltese Hospitality. This in itself is believed to create a competitive edge over the International Brand Names which currently operate on the island, namely, Hilton, Inter Continental, Marriot and Starwood Hotels. These days travellers are far to a greater extent discerning and many seek peeled insights into the local culture, as apposed to a reproduction of International Hospitality.Through successful Backward Integration the Corinthia Brand has eliminated substantial contributions to Third Party Management Companies by forming its own unique Brand Identity. Furthermore, in contrast to most local operators, the company has been able to penetrate the International Tourism Industry by offering Management Contracts to overseas operators in the Industry.The task of measuring competitiveness is full of complexities as there are numerous forces at play. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to have a thorough understanding of two the emf threats and the opportunities available. This will then provide the basis for which a company responds to Trends and Influences by integrating its resources to achieve a strategic advantage on its competitors.Invariably, local firms competing within the Tourism Industry, have similar resources available to them and each one is challenged by similar forces. Therefore, it is safe to behave that most will pursue similar strategies. Making the company that best acclimatises itself to the broad environment more likely to be successful. Under the current scenario, the easily coined phrase The survival of the fittest could not be more appropriate for hotels competing within the same industry.Despite being one of the older louvre Star Hotels on the island, The Corinthia Palace Hotel still competes well with the newer properties. It appears that customers tend to opt for older properties where Customer Service is at the optimum. The Corinthia Palace Hotel has achieved worldwide acclaim for its eminent level of service and currently holds the World Travel Award Maltas Leading Hotel. This prestigious award is a long accolade to the Industry as it is believed to be the equivalent of the Oscars. such(prenominal) recognition is an excellent marketing tool as given the choice, most potential customers would prefer to stay in a reputable hotel. 4.1 PESTLE psychoanalysis Views of the Financial ControllerAn interview was conducted with the Financial Controller, Ms. Claire Mifsud who provided an insight as to how the company conducts a Situational Analysis of the Broad Environment. According to her Corinthia uses a PESTLE Analysis template which define the following six areas that form the context of its operation -Political ForcesEconomical ForcesSocio-cultural ForcesTechnological ForcesLegal ForcesEnvironmental ForcesThe forces listed above significantly influence both the industry and the organisations that operate within it.She perceives that the Maltese Government recognises the fact that Tourism is a key contributor to the Maltese Economy and therefore continues to invest and movement closely with stakeholders within the industry. This year the government has awarded The Malta Tourism allowance a total of 35 million Euro for 20119. The main vision for 2015 is to promote the Maltese Islands as a Unique Mediterranean Destination10, hence the reasoning behind the substantial investment to improve the product.Through the European Social Fund, the Malta Tourism Authority is investing in a three million Euro program to improve the skills of those currently working within the Industry. The Advance Training Tourism Leaders chopine11is being offered free of charge, to both employers and managers in the industry. The aim of this program is to enhance the Current Skill Set and to create a Culture of Innovation. As the aggroup Training Manager, I can disclose that seven managers working at the Corinthia Palace Hotel are currently taking this Diploma Course.When asked what perceived barriers had been identified by the hotel, Ms. Mifsud referred to the governments stronger stance to align with European Regulations, particularly in areas such as Health Safety and Environmental Issues. Being an older property, substantial investment is requisite to conform with some of the regulations. The forecasted eco nomic recovery is more subdued than that of other small economies12. Ms Mifsud then expressed her concern on escalating operational be and stated that the 2% increase of VAT on accommodation and the budgeted cost of living increase bear a great influence on profitability. She also remarked that nowadays, business customers require their rooms to be an extension of their offices when travelling, therefore, satisfactory technology has become a norm rather than an ancillary service. Hence, in order to hold on competitive and meet the customers needs additional investment in this area is required.Section 5 The Broad Environment.Forces within both the Broad and Task Environment are critical determinants for Strategy Formulation for any organisation. However, the core of a Firms Task Environment is formed by its interaction between the following three key stakeholders and their impact on the market place -CustomersSuppliersCompetitorsAll contemporary organisations, irrespective of type of Industry, face forces that can significantly affect profitability.If a firm understands these forces, then it can develop a business level strategy that allows the business to either take advantage or protect itself from these forces, which in work on allows the firm to be consistently profitable. (Ahlstrom.D, 2009)13.5.1 Swot AnalysisAn internal audit provides an opportunity for a company to have a greater understanding of the capabilities and limitations of its resources. much(prenominal) information will provide a platform from which Operational Strategy will be focused.The identified strengths and weaknesses of the hotel are as follows -5.2 StrengthsLocationThe location of this hotel has the potential to attract the following niche markets.The close proximity to the Presidential Palace makes it the ideal location for Diplomatic Delegations.Its remote location and proximity to the National pipe bowl is also key selling point to attract Foreign Football Teams who come to Ma lta for Training Camps and Official Matches.Being close to the Malta Fairs and Convention Centre offers potential for business in accommodating delegates who are participating in large scale forums.Global Reputation for Excellent ServiceThis property enjoys 20% double over Business which is amongst the highest on the island. This reputation is also achieved on a local level as there is a high percentage of locals who frequent the nutriment and Beverage outlets.AccommodationHotel rooms are much more spacious than the newer pentad star properties on the island. In 2009 all rooms were refurbished to optimum condition. The hotel offers great value for money when one considers the level of service offered. The customers comments posted on Travel Review sites such as Trip Advisor are very positive.SpaThe Athenaeum Spa by Algotherm has now established itself as one of the best Medical Spas on the island.MarketUnlike many of the other hotels, the Corinthia Palace is not dependant on one Nationality or Market Segment and therefore a drastic drop in one of these areas will not cause catastrophic consequences.5.3 WeaknessesMeeting RoomsThe main meeting rooms are small in severe need of refurbishment as they are inferior to what the competition is offering. This may be a contributory factor why some Destination Management Companies direct Group Business elsewhere, which causes opportunity cost situation for the hotel when having to refuse business that exceeds the capacity required.Loyalty ProgramUnlike all the competitors there is not Loyalty Program in place to reward customers for their loyalty to the company.Working EnvironmentInvestment is required to totally refurbish the main kitchen as the current structure not adequate for the volume of work being produced nowadays.Executive Lounge FacilitiesUnlike all the five star hotels within the same Competitive Set this hotel does not have an Executive Lounge. Most corporate clients seek this facility as it provides an a dditional area, where they can conduct their business and entertain their clients.In order to measure the potential of an Industry most companies use the framework of Environmental Understanding as established by the Economist Michael Porter.Section 6 Porters Five Forces ModelIn March-April 1979, Professor Michael. E. Porter, published an article in the Harvard Business Review, titled How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy.14. In this article he wrote Competition in an industry is grow in its underlying economics, and competitive forces exist that go well beyond the established combatants in a particular industry. Customers, suppliers, potential entrants, and substitute products are all competitors that may be more or less prominent or active depending on the industry. The state of competition in an industry depends on five basic forces. The collective strength of these forces determines the ultimate profit potential of an industry.This article formed the basis of Porters Five Force s Model. This user friendly perplex is now wide employed by many organisations to formulate the firms business level strategy. Corinthia Palace Hotel is no exception. Key strategic decision makers within the company use this model during their business planning process to represent their analysis of the dynamics of the competitive structure and how the combined strength of these forces influence the Maltese Tourist Industry. Strong forces will suggest lower prices and higher costs, whereas weak forces suggest the contrary.6.1 Bargaining Power of Customers and SuppliersInformed customers become empowered customers15(Dubrin,2008) .Trends show that a high percentage of travellers rule book their travel arrangements directly through the internet. Budget airline sites such as Ryan Air and Easyjet, provide a one stop shop that is accessible near the clock. Nowadays, middlemen such as travel agents are gradually being eliminated. The internet has accelerated the power of this competitiv e force. Customers now have an advantage over the organisations, as they are able to conduct frugal searches of the web from the comfort of their own home. This provides them with ample opportunity to compare rates and subsequently purchase the best deals.Since opening, the hotel has witnessed changes in booking channels. Customers are more likely to book directly through the internet. Price wars with competitors are prevalent, however despite this, Corinthias pricing strategy is based on past performance and forecasted demand. Much focus is placed on safeguarding Gross Operating Profit and as the company is apposed to reducing rates ,added value is offered instead. During my interview with Mr. Schranz I asked who has the strongest leverage when negotiating rates with suppliers. His reply manoeuverd that the key to successful negotiation is to create a win win situation giving them equal leverage.6.2 affright of New EntrantsAccording to Slocum et al16the phrase New Entrants refers to the relative ease with which new firms can compete with established firms.Over the past forty years the number of companies operating 5 Star Hotels has risen substantially. Empirical data issued by the National Statistics Office of Malta indicates that in 1996 there were only six Five Star Hotels operating on the Maltese Islands. Today, some fifteen years later, the amount of five star hotels has almost tripled increasing to fifteen. The high concentration of upmarket hotels on the market, has made it essential to create barriers. Recent Government Regulations, Capital Requirements and Rising Operating Costs are forecasted to affect profitability. Such contributory factors may defer new entrants in the future.During my interview with Director of Sales and Marketing, Mr Karl Schranz, he revealed that he does not envisage any other Five Star Hotels entrance the market this year. He further elaborated that in his opinion the industry does not require more 5 star properties.The in dustry has seen an explosion of Five Star Room Stock on the market in the last 5 years. There is a surplus of Hotel Rooms in low age due to the seasonality of our business. On the other hand, all five star properties run at very high occupancies from May till October. In my opinion, it all boils pour down to market forces. When market conditions permitted and when it was highly feasible for other hotels to join, most local and foreign business men invested heavily in the Hotel Sector.6.3 The Threat of Substitute Products or ServicesOrganisations that provide services that adequately substitute those offered by competitors within the same industry are considered as a threat to those competing within the same industry. In the local context, substitutes to Five Star hotels can be identified as either the Chartering of Yachts or Opting for a Cruise. However, with high level of accessibility offered by budget airlines, emerging tourist speechs poise a bigger threat to the industry. Ce ntral and Eastern European destinations are offering similar products at more competitive rates. However, if one was to consider the high concentration of natural disasters or adverse weather conditions many countries have recently experienced many travelers may be influenced by Maltas more agreeable climate. Furthermore, political instability in emerging destinations like Tunisa may also defer travellers to choose alternative destinations.6.4 Existing CompetitionThe level of competition is a key determinant of how other hotels in the industry are likely to behave. Hotels within the same Competitive Set strive for market share. From the fifteen 5 Star Hotels on the island, the only four categorised in the same Competitive Set as the Corinthia Palace and Spa are Phoenicia, Excelsior, Intercontinental and the Meridien. However, both the Director of Finance and the Director of Sales consider the Phoenicia as their main competitor. This is attributed to the fact that both hotels have be en in competition for the past forty years and that both properties appeal to the same markets. According to the information provided by Mr. Shranz, the hotels average market share is approximately 10.5 %.Karl Schranz commented as follows Price Wars are tremendous in all Hotel Categories in Malta. We had managed to reduce price wars significantly before 2008 when demand was in line with supply. Since more Five Star Properties opened in Malta and since the recession set in, most hotels started slashing rates in order to generate advance and last minute businessAs operating costs are rising, the onus must remain on targeting specific markets that can yield the highest profits. Although perceived as a business hotel, leisure travellers remain the key market. The Tour Operator and Leisure Segments approximately constitute to 64% of the hotels market share.Section 7 Conclusion7.1 Industry biography CycleAs each industry evolves it goes through a sequence of phases. Factors used to ascer tain at which stage the Industry is currently in, is by assessing both the number of firms operating and their potential for profitability. Desk research conducted for this assignment indicates that despite global economic recessions, the Maltese Tourist Industry has shown growth. Furthermore, projections for the coming years also indicate growth. All in all, it appears that Tourism remains a promising Industry for the near future.7.2 Strategic Direction for the HotelThe way forward for the company is to maintain its high level of customer retention rate which currently averages in the region of 20%. This relatively high percentage of customer loyalty is attributed to the General Mangers high level of customer orientation in conjunction with the very high level of personalised services. The recent award should feature more prominently on the hotels website, thus using this as an extra tool to market the hotel.From a financial perspective, costs must be closely monitored and opportun ities to generate income should be exploited. The hotel attention should pool their resources together to create a culture that encourages innovation. Investment in alternative sources of energy should be studied and the possibility of acquiring EU reinforcement explored. Investment should also be made to upgrade the property seeking in order to gain a return on investments through change magnitude room rates.Future growth should stem from the hotels Unique Selling Point, which is the ability to offer a memorable experience. The Sales Team needs to take a more aggressive approach to tap into unexploited markets and offer innovative packages based on value. Finally, with the continued commitment to fulfil the companys mission, the team must drive the Corinthia Brand Identity by offering authentic Maltese Hospitality. By focusing on the main priority which is Customer Satisfaction, the hotel will not only remain profitable but will also remain a strong competitor.For many, tourism is a source of employment and income. The tourism industry is responsible for 5.2% of the EUs employment and accounts for 5% of Europes Wealth. It is therefore a strategic sector of our economy, facing new challenges that ought to be kept in check and opportunities that need to be taken. With 380 million international arrivals annually and market share of more than 40% of global tourism Europe commands the position as the number one tourist destinationEuropean Commission Vice-president Antonio Tajani-Journal of the Institute of Tourism Studies Dec 2010 pg 30.Referenceshttp//www.worldtravelawards.com/award-maltas-leading-hotel-2010IL-Haddiem Corinthia Palace Hotel 11 June 1968 pg 5http//www.wttc.org/bin/pdf/original_pdf_file/malta.pdfhttp//www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/tourist-arrivals-expected-to-reach-1-3-million-by-end-2010http//www.nso.gov.mt/statdoc/document_file.aspx?id=2873http//www.nso.gov.mt/statdoc/document_file.aspx?id=2928http//finance.gov.mt/image.aspx?site=MFINre f=2011_BudgetSpeech2011_Englishhttps//opm.gov.mt/vizjoni-2015Free create mentally of advance training for tourism leadershttp//hbr.org/1979/03/how-competitive-forces-shape-strategy/ar/1Daily Telegragh Malta Centre of Excellence in the Mediterranean 16 June 2000NSO news release 242/2010 Collective accommodation establishments Oct 2010 Dec 22, 2010

Creating an Efficient IT Infrastructure

Creating an Efficient IT InfrastructureRichard Lecator1 Business Requirements1.1 Project OverviewSince the firm works on web analytics and effective qualitative reportage. The render assist of software used by the firm that enables it to have high quality, entropy collection that is very effective that starts in minutes without any fate of additional programming.1.2Background including current processThe company is known for its dominant role in the collection and analysis of information. The firm has been operational for a duration near equaling two years and has a total of approximate 20 employees, where four have been delegated to the IT department.The firm is further able to collect native and email info from almost all the electronic sources, with the inclusion of the individual computers, storage devices for mobile media, backup tapes, networks belonging to the companies, and the mobile devices for personal use. This shows that the company is well equipped to reign over almost all of the devices.1.3 place setting1.3.1 Scope of ProjectThe electron orbit of this go steady should be controlled through the following tipsThrough making sure that the project team, the stakeholders, the assembly line leaders, as well as everybody else involved understanding the scope of the project. This arse be achieved through keeping on reinforcing what it is throughout the project life cycle.The due south tip involves making sure that the project team understands how to identify a scope change when they see it and to be able to answer appropriately and right back to the business users. This means they should be able to answer all queries relating to every single instant of the project. They should not answer questions with NO but decide to find solutions for different issues regarding the project and bring back the best results to the project liker.The third tip is communication, which involves managing the communications of the project through managing the expectations of what the project is going to keep regarding scope this is an important part of the project plan. This also involves making sure that there is continuous communication and there is effective communications plan to manage scope changes.Data warehousing involves the process of designing how data is stored for the goal of improving account and analysis (Sinha, 2011). Data warehouse specialists ensure that various stores of data are related and connected to each other both physically as well as ideaually. An organizations data is usually stored in some databases.To be able to analyze the broadest range of data, each of the databases needs to be connected in some way. This implies that the data within them need a way of universe related to other relevant data and that the physical databases themselves have a connection so their data can be viewed at together for reporting and analysis purposes.Data analytics can be utilized to examine whether a database is working as p rojected. With the information acquired from the analytics, the database administrators can establish which areas of the warehousing are evaluate and which areas of their site are not accepted by the users. Analytics, therefore, enables the database designer to improve the user experience analytics is a core horizon of this project implementation and borrowing (Ohlhorst, 2013).Interfaces and cloud computing are key to the company growth due to the rapid involving technological world. The virtualization of databases through cloud computing is a key concept since it enhances security by avoiding system failure and improved disaster recovery techniques.Outsourcing and off-shoring needs potentially offer greater and wider benefits. Complex strategies in this project can be outsourced. Virtualization technologies such as cloud computing and security issues which are core in the project can be outsourced. Security is a major(ip) part of this project since failure to implement good secu rity measures would mean that the company will not grow as speculated and therefore lowering its competitive edge. Therefore the project plan should lay subdue the security measures to be implemented so that the Wiggly Corporation can implement a right database system.The necessary resources for this project include analytics software for collecting the relevant data, database management system for managing the databases, and knowledgeable staff to manage key dockets of the project management.The staff members may include Chief Technology Officer (CTO) who is responsible for ensuring the throughput, speed, accuracy, availability, and reliability of the relational databases and Chief Security Officer (CSO) who is responsible for ensuring the security of the database.1.3.2 Constraints and AssumptionsThe project should have exculpated constraints regarding who has access to what resources for example, the database administrator should have different login credentials from other us ers. Assumptions have been made in defining the scope, objectives and approach in this case, are that the data self-contained is of both of qualitative and quantitative measures.1.3.3 RisksThere are various risks that exist within the implementation and deployment of this project which may include the followingThe lack of sensory faculty for security policy in the user domain this risk emerges from intentional malicious activities within the workstation domain through unauthorized user access.Weakness in installed software and malicious software introduces vulnerabilities.Unauthorized network access, transmitting private data which is unencrypted, or spreading malicious software.Exposure and unauthorized access of privileged resources to the public, which may lead to loss of productivity due to internet access, denial of service attacks, or brute-force attacks on the organizational network infrastructure.1.3.4 Scope ControlScope control is apprehensive of the factors that contrib ute to scope changes and therefore aims at ensuring that the scope changes are positive. Scope control determines whether the scope change has taken place and managed the changes in the case that they occur.For scope control to succeed, it must be systematically incorporated with other control processes which include time control, risk control, and quality control (Martin, 2008). The aspect of scope control is made up of measuring the extent into which development towards goals and objectives is being accomplished, the evaluation of the possible reactions to any deviations, as well as the correcting any hostile trends.1.3.5 Definition of Terms (if applicable)Project Goal This is the objective of the Project.Project scope This involves defining the activities that are involved so as to achieve the project goal.The risk assessment Defined regarding the probability of project occurrence and the negative cost impact of project outcomes.Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) This involves br eaking down the project activities so as to plan for time and other resources.Functional Point Analysis (FPA) This would be extremely useful in managing the change of scope of the project, communicating functional requirements, as well as measuring productivity.ReferencesSinha, A. K. (2011). Data warehousing. Indianapolis, IN Prompt Publications.Martin, P. K., Tate, K. (2008). Getting started in project management. New York Wiley.Ohlhorst, F. (2013). Big data analytics Turning big data into big money. Hoboken, N.J John Wiley Sons.

Centre of Mass Impact on Roll of Dice

Centre of Mass Impact on Roll of DiceHarrison BackIn physics, the core group of sight is defined as The unique part in an reject or system which can be used to describe the systems response to orthogonal forces and torques (Center of Mass, Hyperphysics.com). It references the over only average corporation of an object and assigns that average to a point on or within the object, usually near the sum savourlession. This can be seen in Figure 1. Changing the location of the centre of mass affects how the object reacts to external forces. This can be seen though the objects rotational axis.An objects rotational axis is the theoretical take out drawn through an object to show how it will rotate. Unless an axle is intentionally created, an object will attempt to rotate around its centre of mass. This can be shown in Figure 2. As pictured, the slam dances centre of mass is closer to the end than it is the handle. As the path it draws as it circles through the air traces the travel of the centre of mass, the bat appears to spin around in an erratic manner. The path drawn shows the bat circling its rotational axis, which is in the homogeneous position as its centre of mass. A nonher effect of the location of the centre of mass of an object is its stability. The closer to the ground an objects centre of mass is, the susceptible to being tipped over it is. This is why professional fighters evermore recommend you get down low to the ground. In order for an object to successfully be tipped over, its centre of must be moved to a position in front of the base of an object. This can be seen in Figure 3. When it comes to (fair) cut, the centre of mass is in the exact centre of the object. This means all the slips are equidistant from it. The response of this is, later a enumeration, every face has equal opportunity to come up. However, if the centre of mass is moved from the geographical centre of the dice, then the axis of rotation is changed, and the dice is no longer fair. This is known as weighting the dice, as it is done by making one face effectively heavier than another, causing the opposite face to roll more frequently. In the following sample, the full point to which weighting two dice affects their average roll.The centre of mass of a cube with uniform density is at the geographical centre of the cube. Because of this, only relatively simple math is necessary to locate it. If the dice moulding aloofness is equal to 10 cen measuretres, then the following reasoning would indicate the geographical centrea2 + b2 = c252 + 52 = 7.071252 + 7.0712 = 8.6602This means that the diagonal length between two opposite corners is equal to 8.66 centimetres, and as the geographical centre falls at the midway point on that line, the centre of mass for that object would be exactly 4.33 centimetres along the longest diagonal line. As the dice being discussed in this experiment are 1cm3, the above calculations can be scaled back by one decimal put up to give an end result of 0.433cm along the diagonal line.Unfortunately, these calculations only hold true in the built in bed where the object has uniform density. As melting the dice will change the density throughout the dice, it is nearly impossible to find the exact centre of mass of the adjusted dice, as one would need to know exactly how dense any portion of the dice is.As the centre of mass is moved yet from the middle of the dice, the effectively lighter face will roll upwards more often than not. Firstly, two six-sided dice were rolled 100 times by the same person to record a baseline to compare against. The same dice were used throughout the experiment for consistencys sake, and the same person rolled the dice every time so as to keep a relatively continuous roll style. After this control was set, the dice were placed one side-down on an oven tray, so as to make that side heavier and so theoretically cause a six to be rolled more frequently. They were then moved into an oven which had been preheating at clxxx Celsius for five minutes and left to bake for an additional five minutes. These times were chosen because, in the case of the former, five minutes provided adequate time for the oven to get to temperature, while also not expending unnecessary time, and in the case of the latter, 5 minutes supplied ample time for the dice to become pastelike sufficient to change their centre of mass, while still maintaining a somewhat cubic shape. Of course, they couldnt be expected to remain perfectly cubic, however, they were to remain cubic enough that they could be easily mistaken as such by a casual onlooker. After the heat treatment, the same dice were rolled by the same person 100 times and the average roll was determined. This was then compared against the initial control group and a conclusion was drawn thusly..Average 3.46Average 3.22Unexpectedly, melting the dice so as to lower their centre of mass did not yield the expected result. In fa ct, even though it was expected that the melted dice would roll a six more frequently, the opposite occurred instead ones were rolled more frequently than before the melting. This can be seen through the lowered average after the melting, from 3.46 to 3.22. Every piece of background research would suggest that lowering the centre of mass would cause that side to roll downwards more frequently. This means that it was almost likely not a flaw in the hypothetical realm, rather one in the practical. The various uncontrollable variables, as well as recommendations should this experiment be repeated, will be discussed further below, in the Evaluation portion of this report.There were many instances in this experiment which could have corrupted the results and caused the hypothesis to not be supported. These include, but are not limited to, the fact the dice were melted by a relatively uncontrollable heat source, the method by which they were rolled, the surface on which they were rolled, and the fact that the dice were not preserved perfectly as they were during the time between the initial, pre oven rolls, and the final, post oven rolls. As the only apparatus visible(prenominal) for use with melting dice that was available was a standard kitchen oven, its use could have caused unexpected results. The temperature was not perfectly monitored rather it was presumed to be approximately 180 Celcius. The surfaces the dice were rolled on varied between their pre-oven and post-oven states. Before they were melted, the dice were rolled on a hard, synthetic laminate, while, afterward, they were rolled onto a softer, malleable desk mat made from fabric and a plastic polymer. This could have resulted in differing roll averages, as the softer surface absorbed more kinetic energy from the falling dice, thus reducing the duration of their roll. During the time between where the dice were unchanged and where they were, they were kept in one of three places. These included a comp artment in a teach bag, the pocket of a pair of formal pants, and open on a glass desk. This resulted in the dice being moved frequently, interacting and possibly reacting with surrounding elements, as well as each other. The throes of everyday wear could very well have caused minute damages and changes in the dice which could have lead to wrong results from them.In summary, if this experiment were to be replicated, several changes would have to be made to the methodology. Firstly, a finely controlled and monitored oven would have to be used. This would result in a more deliberately variable melt one could precisely decide how much the dice should be exposed to the heat. Also, a robotic arm should be used in place of a human one. The dice should have specific receptacles by which their roll begins the exact same way every time, and the arm (while still having some degree of variability) would be far more specific with its rolling method. The dice should remain in an airtight, pres surised container. This would function to keep the dice in as pristine status as possible, and reduce interaction with eroding compounds to a minimum. The dice should be rolled onto a specific surface, and its properties should be closely documented and monitored. Lastly, the experiment should be done in one sitting, as prolonging it increases the risk of a change occurring in any of the many points of failure throughout the procedure.As a result of the experiment being performed in such imprecise ways, the results were different to what was expected. However, as is the case with many high school science experiments, the necessary precision postulate for this kind of procedure caused inaccuracies in the experimental process and resulted in an unsupported hypothesis. As the background research supported the aforementioned hypothesis, the only plausible shifting is as a result of the imperfect nature of the experiment.Work Cited (Center of Mass)Center of mass. Hyperphysics.phy-astr .gsu.edu. N.p., 2017. Web 8 Feb. 2017(Center Of Mass)Center Of Mass. En.wikipedia.org. N.p., 2017. Web 1 Mar. 2017(Torque And Angular Momentum Physics Science caravan inn Academy)Torque And Angular Momentum Physics Science Khan Academy. Khan academy. N.P., 2017. Web. 1 Mar. 2017(Socratic.org, 2017)Socratic.org, (2017). Why is the center of mass important in physics Socratic. online Available at https//socratic.org/questions/why-is-the-centre-of-mass-important-in-physics Accessed 1 Mar. 2017.(Bbc.co.uk, 2017)Bbc.co.uk. (2017). BBC GCSE Bitesize Science Moments Revision, Page 4. online Available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/triple_aqa/using_physics_make_things_work/moments/revision/4/ Accessed 1 Mar. 2017.Farside.ph.utexas.edu. (2017). Centre of mass. online Available at http//farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/node102.html Accessed 18 Mar. 2017

Christopher Columbus: The Villain Essay -- Christopher Columbus Essays

The letter Christopher Columbus wrote back to Spain to report his hearings in the revolutionary World sparked intrigued me and sparked my imagination. Why I have been so absorbed in this letter I can not relieve. This letter is supposed to be ab erupt describing an unknown all overturn, a land that has not been seen by anyone besides the natives, but it seems that there is much to it than that. Columbus is known in elementary schools as the man who found the New World, and is regarded as a hero. To the contrary, historians who have done more research on Columbus say that he was driven by fame and fortune and that he was tyrannical in his ways with the indigenous pluralitys of the places that he came to find. I feel that the contradictory tones Columbus uses gives this letter an eerie feel, and Columbuss eventual desire to take over the indigenous peoples brings doubt on his reliability as an accurate and fair eyewitness. Columbus begins this letter to Luis De Sant Angel by s aying how fortunate he was to find these great islands. Right away, before even describing his findings, he thanks the king and queen and begins to explain how he named the islands he discovered. Everyone knows that the king and queen gave Columbus those ships, as yet he wanted to recognize them for some reason. I think that he wanted the king and queen to feel as if they themselves discovered the islands, not him. Whether it was out of fear, or out of respect, Columbus really gave them credit. So much tribute was given that the first island they discovered, Columbus named San Salvador, commemorating the king. He seemed like he really wanted to give credit to everyone that may have had a hand in this voyage, especially the king and queen, who financially supported this expedition. Contrary to what historians believe closely Columbus, he was very humble and giving in the naming of these islands. Keeping with the standard tone of the Spanish monarchial society, he named these island s for the wisdom and greatness of the monarchs. Columbus whence went on to describe the natives, whom he called Indians. He made it clear that there were many people, and even used the word, innumerable on several occasions. One of the more disturbing lines to me was in the beginning of the letter, I have heard from other Indians I have already taken that this land was and island Columbus goes on to explain how he explored the islan... ... this man, and call him your brother? I am pretty sure that the leader of this town is not going to embrace the man who has tyrannically taken over your people. I believe that the king calling Columbus his brother is a fictional embellishment to the story, or that the king of this town was so afraid for his peoples lives that he did not put up a fight. During the whole course of the letter, Columbus beat around the bush and was not upfront with their unbent intentions of the voyage. He speaks of gold, he speaks of quarreling, but whenever these subjects came up, Columbus quickly changes the subject to a lighter matter. Based on much of the fine print, much of the things that he did not realize what he was writing, and by reading in between the lines of this letter, I saw much more than what was just written. The strayed away from the fact that he was tyrannically fetching over the indigenous peoples of this land, even though it was so apparent that he in fact was. Because of this information that we now know about Columbuss tyrannical ways, was hard for me to read this letter and still believe in Columbuss integrity as an eyewitness for describing the events on at this New World.

AIDS :: Free AIDS Essays

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or AIDS, is a currently recognized disease. It is caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency computer virus (human immunodeficiency virus), which attacks selected cells in the immune system and causes them to function defectively. These deficiencies may not be apparent for years. They lead to the suppression of the immune systems ability to chip harmful organisms. This leaves the trunk open to invasion by various infections, which are called opportunistic diseases, and to the development of unusual cancers. The virus also affects plastered brain cells. This leads to so-called neuropsychiatric abnormalities, or psychological disturbances caused by physical damage to the nerve cells.The first AIDS cases were report in 1981 through 1996 more than 510,000 AIDS cases and more than 315,000 deaths have been reported in the United States alone.(Grolier). This is only the beginning of the HIV infection. It is estimated that nearly 1 million Am ericans had been infect with the virus through the mid-1990s solely had not yet unquestionable clinical symptoms (Grolier). In addition, AIDS cases have also been reported in almost every country in the world, with an estimated cumulative 19 million adults and children infected worldwide since the late 1970s.No cure or vaccine has been invented to cure AIDS. Many of those infected with HIV may not even be awake that they carry and can spread the virus. Scientists and doctors are constantly challenged by it. HIV infection and AIDS are one of the most intense public-health problems in the world.The U.S. Centers for affection Control and Prevention has established criteria for defining cases of AIDS that are based on laboratory evidence such as T4 cell count, the presence of certain opportunistic diseases, and a range of other conditions (Grolier). The opportunistic diseases are often the most outstanding and life-threatening. It is now acknowledged that neuropsychiatric conditions of the brain caused by the HIV infection are also common. Other conditions caused by the HIV infection include fever, diarrhea, severe weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes. When HIV-infected persons experience some of the above symptoms but do not meet full criteria for AIDS, they are given the diagnosis of AIDS-related complex, or ARC. The growing feeling is that ARC and HIV infection without symptoms should be viewed as stages of progression toward getting full-blown AIDS.Because there is no effective vaccine or therapy, education and risk reduction are the best way to combat the epidemic.

Ice Cream And Tears :: Immigration Personal Narrative Russia Papers

Ice Cream And TearsExhausted, I passed through customs towards the exit door and stepped into a new world. My father gave my still sleepy crony and me a stick of Wrigleys peppermint gum and we experienced our first taste in our new life. Every trip seat home has full-blown me in many ways. Every flight I reflect back on my life, time after time, and become anxious of what I was going to looking coming home to Russia. Often what I was looking forward to did not happen the way I wished. Now, events that I was planning for when I would come back to our new home in the United States began to be more(prenominal) reliable. Coming back to Russia I especially looked forward to seeing my grandparents. I was even more excited about seeing my friends with whom I could finally share my experiences with while I was away from them, living my new life. Every time, however, this excitement was diminished by more of my friends moving away or changing their lifestyles to become too different from me. I was becoming more isolated from both worlds. I vividly remember crowds of foreign passel staring at me as I walked through the isle with our cart full of luggage. As we put away our phoebe bird suitcases I was still otiose to grasp the idea that I was in America. Everything looked surreal even the air I breathed had a peculiar scent. nowhere where I had traveled throughout Russia was the air like this, humid and warm yet crisp.As we got into the car, my fathers American friend began asking us questions I did not hear them. My eager young mind was not only incapable of understanding them because of the language barrier but I was unable to comprehend anything that was said. I was numb to everything around me. Every time I go back to Russia I become increasingly disappointed with the life people live there. The divide between the rich and the poor is becoming so great that it seems there will never be a middle descriptor again. More poor are becoming homeless due to the gove rnment withholding their salaries and the rich are becoming as wealthy as the mass in the Western World because they may take advantage of the foreign investments and markets. What saddens me the most, however, is the effect on the Russian children.