Sustainable deveploment and international business law Essay

Sustainable deveploment and international business law - Essay Example The above three factors according to my view were somehow interconnected. Low GDP automatically led to poverty which for the poor to sustain there life, engaged themselves into criminal activities. Therefore correcting low GDP was like eradicating poverty and reducing crimes. Some factors also arisen within the government that worsened the economy of the country. These factors were brought forward by the organizations that were towards the provision of aids to the country. These organizations experienced some difficulties providing these aids which were caused by the government and citizens of Matune. There were instances of Child labor and women slavery, corruption within the government and excess Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. However various approaches can be taken to come up with solutions to these issues to open way for the development of the economy. Low GDP, poverty and high rates of crime should be eradicated for a country to achieve high level of development. In my opinion, in order to reduce these factors, there would be need for the government to provide employment opportunities for the citizens to increase there income. Once there is a source of income, people w ill think of other methods of increasing there income and this will open ways for most venturing into businesses and hence increased levels of transactions. Creation of jobs by way of industries will require the need for labor and this will cut off slavery as they will be needed to work in the industries. Matune was a country limited to the highest level of poverty stated to be 90%. Once in poverty of that high the country development usually remain stagnant and this calls for foreign aids. However, the country had some resources that were never exploited, since they did not have the technology to exploit such resources. This opened doors to foreign investors and other international organizations. However, carrying out activities in Matune, some concerns

The impacts of Social Media on UK Consumers Brand Perceptions and Essay

The impacts of Social Media on UK Consumers Brand Perceptions and Purchase Decisions - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that organizations are facing the intense challenge in the globalized era regarding profitability, sustainability and growth. Customers buying behaviors will get the effect of the product features, marketing policies and medium of a market. In the current study, an in-depth analysis of impacts of social media among the UK consumers regarding brand perceptions and purchase decisions is recorded. Contemporary marketing strategies are converting their domain towards the online atmosphere. An online perspective of marketing has increased potential reach of the customers with advertising messages. Organisations are able to explore the market in a more commercial manner. Online medium of advertising evolved development of the communication strategies. In developed countries like the UK and USA people are increasing use of social networks for making social connections. Social media is developing the communication aspects of the UK based consumers and firms. In the current study, a retail industry of the UK is used to contrast the impacts of social media on retail customer’s brand perceptions and purchase decisions. British people are having various retail firm options like â€Å"Big Four† firms like Tesco, ASDA, Sainsbury, and Morrison, apart from those retailers like LIDL, ALDI, and Walmart. This research will be aimed to investigate the potential effects of social media marketing strategies on consumer behavior. Retail market of the UK is facing an intense challenge of the competition from different organizations. In the retail market, Mainly, these small-sized firms are limiting the scope of the profitability and growth of other firms. Increased competition in the market is seeking for well-established strategies for growth and sustainability. The current study will create a link among the different type of the social media advertising strategies to create brand awareness and favorable buying decision making from the retail customers. Social media is increasing popularity among the different ages and demographical areas. Social media is one of the majorly used advertising and promotion medium for the organizations.

The developmental stages of adolescence and adulthood

The developmental stages of adolescence and adulthood As a growth stage, adolescence is characterized by exponential and dramatic physical milestones which enable an individual develop from childhood to adulthood. It is during this stage that secondary sexual characteristics emerge due to a surge in production of testosterone in boys as well as estrogen in case of girls (Slee, 2002). These hormones continue being produced until total maturation is achieved. Onset of adolescence and puberty begins early in girls than in boys though individual differences exist due to hereditary and environmental factors like diet or exercise. Rapid increase in weight and height is achieved from as early as 9 years and peaks at around 14 years. Girls develop breast buds during early adolescence with full breast development being achieved at around 12 to 18 years. Hair growth in the pubic area and the armpits begins while the onset of menstrual periods (menarche) begins after two years of breast development. Girls assume a curvier body caused by development of more prominent hips. In males, hair development begins at the onset of adolescence with hair growth being exhibited on the face, pubic area, chest, armpits and on the legs (Slee, 2002). Rapid increase in height and weight is also witnessed in adolescent boys. Appearance of nocturnal emissions also known as wet dreams at the ages of 13 and 17 years primarily marks the adolescence period in boys. The boys notice a considerable enlargement of their sexual organs (i.e. testicles and scrotum). The lengthening of the penis closely follows this development. Deepening of the voice occurs almost along the same time as penile growth. A larger Adams apple then develops. Q2: Adolescences and cognitive development: Key Milestones Adolescence is marked with the development of formal logical operations which are more complex. This is unlike the concrete operations witnessed in childhood. During late childhood, the kind of concrete development achieved, enables the children to think in concrete ways since the actions and events performed during this stage can be evidenced or presented (Berger, 2004). A significant change is achieved during adolescence as the person is now able to undertake abstract thinking whereby he/she thinks about possibilities. The adolescence is also able to think about the occurrence of thinking (i.e. why does a person think?). The ability to derive reasoning from already known principles and ideas characterizes this stage. Considerable amount of time is used to make the transition from concrete thinking to logical operations in a teenager. During adolescence, an individual is able to think systematically and derive logical solutions to a problem. Every developing teenager progresses at a personal pace thereby developing personal view of the world. Here logical application of information especially when undertaking schoolwork is effected. Adolescents are largely emotional, thus when an emotional turmoil occurs, the teenager is unable to think in a complex manner. Before making decisions regarding a particular issue, the adolescent largely question authority as well as pre-existing societal standards. Adolescents form and verbalize their thoughts and forge their taste and preferences on such activities as the sports to play or the personal appearances to adopt. In middle adolescence, the persons cognitive development is geared towards philosophical and futuristic concerns (Berger, 2004). Instances of extensive thinking and questioning are exhibited with the individual establishing their own identity. Individuals begin to systematically think about their future goals and make plans to make the realization of the goals possible. During late adolescence, the individuals complex thinking is geared towards more global issues like pol itical views, history or justice. Thoughts of the role they will play as adults as well as career choices are exhibited during this period. Q3: Physical development: Key Milestones in Early, Middle and late adulthood Adulthood is not marked with physical and exceptional growth spurts. During early adulthood, the individual is transiting into adulthood from adolescence and continued physical growth is exhibited especially in shoulder width and chest width being exhibited. Early adulthood is a mark of adult life as body degradation has not started to occur (Kail Cavanaugh, 2008). The body experiences hormonal changes which may result to increased body build. Middle adulthood is characterized by slow physical changes. A considerable loss of sensory sharpness is exhibited. For instance, there are some level of hearing and sight impairment. Sensitivity to light as well as far sightedness begins to emerge a condition which can be corrected by wearing glasses. Gaining of weight in the abdominal region occurs in men while womens hips and thighs increase considerably. During late adulthood, noticeable impairment is seen. The bone mass dwindles while fertility levels decline. Graying of hair as well as sk in wrinkling is also evidenced. During late 40s and early 50s, women experience menopause whereby the ability to give birth again ends. Hormonal levels also drop considerable. Due to thinning of cartilage bones located at the spinal vertebrae, the posture may change (Kail Cavanaugh, 2008). It is estimated that womens height shrinks by about 5cm while that of men by 2cm. Illnesses like heart diseases result due to build up of cholesterol level on the blood capillaries, The brain shrinks due to the diminishing blood supply. Q4: Cognitive development: Key Milestones in Early, middle and late adulthood Cognitive development continues even during adulthood despite the continued brain aging. During early adulthood, alert old people continue to think and act rationally with a lot of alertness. While acting in situations requiring memory and learning prowess, their output is better than that of younger people. This is largely because of experience acquired while accumulating and organizing information (Howe Brainerd, 2009). During middle adulthood, cognitive abilities continue to improve. More adaptive and concrete thought line is exhibited within the adult, making possible several rational decisions procedures regarding personal relationships, emotions as well as social issues. Late adulthood which occurs at about 65 years is marked with considerable decline in intellectual abilities. The ability to execute unfamiliar tasks or finding a solution to a complex problem becomes troublesome to the aging adult. Slowed response to situations and information is exhibited during this period. This is because of considerable reduction in mental as well as physical activity. Emotional crises like depression and stress also play a major role in cognitive decline in late adulthood (Howe Brainerd, 2009). Brain weight reduces thus casing considerable loss in speed and memory losses. This ultimately increases the reasoning and understanding levels of older people causing them to exhibit wisdom. Q5: Adolescence and Socioemotional development: Key Milestones Brain segment which controls emotions is developed and matured during adolescence. Adolescents exhibit spontaneous emotional outbursts especially when dealing with peers as well as parents. This possesses a challenge especially to parents and teachers who may be overwhelmed on the manner in which to respond to such outbursts. A gradual process is undertaken in enabling the adolescents to learn how to replace the improper thoughts as well as actions with behaviors which are goal oriented (Pulkkinen, et al 2006). A major conflict which exists in adolescents development is the eminent desire to obtain more freedom than that allowed by parents and/ or guardians. According to Socioemotional development theory by Erikson, this phase is marked by the improvement on a sense of identity when in a relationship. Adolescents also desire to have independent thoughts regarding their desires especially when focusing of their abilities and goals. Peer relationships are emphasized by the adolescents since they are primarily looking for freedom from parental authoritativeness. Such behaviors as drug and substance abuse and risky sexual behaviors are developed during this period. Adolescent association with deviant peers is common hence the reason why parents need maintain open communication with their adolescent children so as to know when their children risk being involved with such peers (Pulkkinen, et al 2006). Bibliotherapy especially in social groups where literature is used to arm the adolescents with information regarding the changes occurring in their bodies, is vital in helping the adolescent cope with emotional turmoil. Q6: Socioemotional development: Key Milestones in Early, middle and late adulthood Massive Socioemotional changes milestones are exhibited during adulthood characterized by forging newer social relationships as well as positions. Depending on personal experiences, the Socioemotional sentiment differs from one person to the other. Such emotional activities as marrying, death, getting or losing a job, going to school or being abandoned by a spouse contribute to social development of individuals. During early adulthood, individuals decide on the career path to follow and they devote considerable a lot of their time in following their career path. Issues of love feature prominently during this period making many people want to establish their families. The thought of being parents is made evident during this period thus changes in personal and social orientation emerges (Berk, 2004). Middle adulthood is characterized by a midlife crises phase. This period is characterized by individuals trying to modify or even reappraising their lives as well as the relationships alre ady formed. The level of satisfaction and contentment upheld during this period is highly dependent on the type of accomplishments achieved. For instance the kind of job, finances, family and sex life upheld determine whether the individual will be happy or not. During the late adulthood phase, the emotional maturity is evident in many adults. Active participation in political and social scenes is common. Majority of the people who were in formal employment retire during this period. Life satisfaction and esteem is high during this period owing the achievements acquired. People adopt an inward looking and conforming lifestyle and enjoy interactions with other family members. Relationships become increasingly satisfying and fulfilling than any other period (Berk, 2004). According to Erikson, the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage is characterized by an increased interest in an individual to guide the development of the next generation. Through genuine care and productive social involvement individuals desires to produce something of real value which will positively impact on the society thereby achieving Generativity. On the contrary, individuals who are self-centered and do not engage in activities beneficial to society suffer from stagnation contributed by their lack of productivity.

Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales :: essays research papers

The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, which was published in March 1981 by Bantam Books in New York, New York is a funny piece of work about twenty- nine characters and their stories while on their way to Canterbury. The twenty-nine characters have to tell two stories on their trip to Canterbury. In the Wife of Bath tale, the wife of bath tells of a tale of a young knight, the central character in the story. After he raped a woman, he must roam the countryside in search to the answer to the question â€Å"what is it that women most desire?† This is the plot, for he must find the answer in order to live. The knight only has one year to get to answer this question and then he has to return to King Arthur’s court and await his sentence. The setting is in King Arthur’s court when a young man saw a pretty maiden and raped her. The King was going to sentence him to death but the Queen decided to give him one year to answer the question . The story is told from the Wife of Bath’s point of view for she is narrating the story. So the conflict, being that he has to find the answer, is established. The knight’s journey does not go well. Finally on the last day that he has, he comes up to a group of women, as he approaches they disappear and an old woman appears. This part is the climax of the plot because it is when the knight finally knows the answer. The old woman says that she knows the answer but she will only tell it to the Queen and in return she must do anything that she asks of him. The knight agrees. Finally, while in the presence of the Queen, she tells her that the answer to what all women desire is sovereignty over their husbands. No one disagrees with her answer and so the old woman asks that she be married to the knight. The knight having sworn to do whatever she pleased reluctantly agrees. But this is not the resolution. It happens later on while on their wedding night. The knight is somewhat disgusted and so the old woman goes on to lecture him on the trivial nature of appearances. She tells the knight whether he would prefer to have a woman ugly by day, yet loyal and faithful the rest of the time or to be beautiful and take his chances the rest of the time.

A Comparison of Slim, Curly and Crooks Essay

Slim Slim is the â€Å"prince of the ranch† (pg. 33) and a man held in the utmost view of respect. When we are first introduced to this character, he is described as a man whose â€Å"authority was so great that his word was taken on any subject, be it politics or love†¦ His face was ageless†¦ His ear heard more than was said to him, and his slow speech had overtones not of thought, but of understanding beyond thought.† (pg. 33) Past his optimal physical attributes, tall and built, Slim is the most caring man of the bunkhouse. He welcomes George and Lennie into the group without hesitation and even gives Lennie a pup. Along with his compassion, he has an air of dignity and understanding, as displayed during George’s recounting of the incident in Weed. His indiscrimination of Lennie as well as Crooks shows he is a fair man who does what is right, not what is best for him. Slim is one of few men who would risk his own well-being in order to save another, as he did when Lennie was under attack by Curly. In all aspects, Slim represents the connection between the proletariat and the aristocracy of America. He is somewhat of a middleman, for he could fit into either category and does not discriminate based upon status. Curly Curly, the boss’s son, is undoubtedly harboring many feeling of insignificance. His small stature and status among the guys in the ranch obviously make him feel inferior, as they would anyone. The constant worry of his wife’s fidelity as well as his insecurities about himself and his appearance haunt him throughout each day, causing him to lash out and therefore be labeled as a â€Å"punk† by the other guys in the bunkhouse. He has an advantage based upon his size though, for it makes him more able to pick  fights with bigger men than he, like Lennie. He harbors a jealousy towards Slim that is unrelenting, for he desires the kind of respect that Slim possesses. It is through these actions that Curly represents acceptance and the quest to achieve something in life. Everyone, be it George and Lennie’s dream for land of their own, or Curly’s desire to be held in respect, has a need for something that they view as something that would make their lives that much better. Crooks Crooks, the stable buck, is the outsider of the group. He lives in a separate room than the rest of the men and pretty much stays out of sight and out of mind. In addition to this social seclusion, his physical attributes add to the fact that he is not like the other ranchers. Crooks has resentment for the other men whom he associates with over a game of horseshoes, and is very cynical about the world around him. He frightens Lennie with his assumptions of abandonment, and nearly deflates George, Lennie, and Candy’s aspiration of owning the land they dream about. Because of his negativity, he represents the doubt that lies within anyone with a dream. Every thought that crosses Crook’s mind is something negative; he is calloused to the feeling of hope, having abandoned it a long time ago. There is definitely a sliver of this attribute hidden inside George at times when he doubt the validity of this fairy tale in which he lives; always dreaming of something more. Yet it i s this kind of attitude that holds people back and prevents them from pursuing their most important of dreams.

Paulo Freire Essay

The chapter provides detailed overview of life and activities of Paulo Freire. The chapter is of historical and cultural significance, because it aims at expanding existing knowledge about one of the key figures in history. It goes without saying that Paulo Freire is considered one of the most respected and known persons in the history of radical education. The chapter starts from biography of famous educator and proceeds to his activities, occupations and career in related sphere. Firstly, it is necessary to admit that Paulo Freire was born in Brazil, Rectife, in 1921 and he spent many years working in poor regions of his homeland. Therefore, he was aware of poverty and difficulties connected with it. Actually, he couldn’t remain indifferent to people’s suffering and decided to develop methods how to teach illiterate people. It is a common knowledge that many poor people in those times didn’t known how to read and to write. Freire decided to devote his life to improve literacy among poor population. He taught not only children, but also adults how to think critically and, what was more important, how â€Å"to take power over their lives†. Moreover, he created his own classroom to make the process of teaching more comfortable, easier and more interesting. Students and teachers in that class were provided with equal rights and power. They were treated with dignity and respect. Such method of teaching was later considered a model for educating around the world. The net moment to mention is that Paulo Freire taught people in Europe, the United States of America. He worked even for the government in Chile. There, as it is mentioned, he â€Å"trained the teachers whose job it would be to bring modern agricultural methods to the peasants†. Of course, Freire’s mission is honorable and should be respected. He worked out education programs for UNESCO, World Council of Churches, the Chilean Institute of Agrarian Reform, etc. Further, his famous works are â€Å"Education for Critical Consciousness†, â€Å"The Politics of Education†, â€Å"The Pedagogy of the Oppressed†, etc.

Heroes essays

Heroes essays If a hero is properly defined as somebody who does something dangerous to help somebody else, then the heroes of Greek mythology do not qualify. They were a pretty selfish and arrogant bunch, in other words, not exactly role models for the younger generation of today. The funny thing about Greek myths, is that most of the great heroes had a such a strong preference for working alone that they were virtually unable to engage in regular social interaction with their peers. In fact, heroes can never have peers, since they believe that they are unique and live their lives in this manner. To us they may seem uncooperative, egotistical, and fatally flawed by arrogant pride, but we should remember that our world on the other hand produces many persons flawed by having no sense of their own value or personal identity. My idea of a hero is someone who genuinely cares for the well being and prosperity of others without searching for fame or redemption. However, it seems that in the Golden Age, the heros sole motivation was fame and displacement from their peers. The people I call heroes today are the common people who dare to enrich the lives of total strangers for the sake of humanity. The way the people of Greece lived is evident in the selection of their heroes. Mostly all Greek heroes were great warriors, strong willed and relentless in their pursuit for fortune. This was inspiring to a people who had very little power and very little distance from their peers. Today we recognize a hero as someone who inspires us to come together and rise as a whole. Someone who commits a courageous action without considering the consequences. Now my example of a hero/heroine would be Mother Teresa. Her life was spent helping the sick, the homeless, the orphaned and the poor in India. Among her many w orks was the establishment of foundations. One foundation was the Home for the Dying in Calcutta. Another was called Shant...

Market Segment Targeted of Avons Essay Example

Market Segment Targeted of Avons Essay Example Market Segment Targeted of Avons Essay Market Segment Targeted of Avons Essay Please be sure to check with your child to make sure that they have not been assigned any homework for the evening, because there has been a problem receiving homework assignments that are not turned in completed or not at all. Thank you for your help, and if you have any questions or concerns email me at and I will reply to you as soon as possible. S OCIAL S TODIES This week in Social Studies we will be reviewing the Government of Africa. Sstudents will be discussing Apartheid, the legal separation of racist, embargo, nd Nelson Mandela. Sstudents are encouraged to take their CRCT Practice book home and read at least 20 minutes a day. You can contact me at [emailprotected] com if you nave questlons or concerns. I nank you Tor your support We are continuing our Decimals Module. We are focusing on changing from fractions to decimals, adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing the decimals. I have put helpful links on my website to help you and the sstudents. My website address is oncoursesystems. com/ school/webpage. aspx? id=471158. Sstudents use oth the textbook and the workbook in class so please make sure they have these everyday. We are continuing to work on our Multiplication Skills. READING This week in Reading we will be going over the different parts that make up a story and what to look for when you are reading non-fiction, fiction, or informational text. We will use the articles that they are reading on TeenBiz3000 to help them learn all the parts in a story or table 1. Please make sure that your child is keeping up with their A. R. book so they can read every day and meet their A. R goal. (Which will be a grade at the end of the 9 weeks. )

Cause and Effect Essay on Bullying

Cause and Effect Essay on Bullying Cause and Effect Essay on Bullying In recent decades, one thought of bullying on the college or university level as a form of hazing carried out by upper-classmen on freshmen. Many schools turned a blind eye on the practice, and freshmen simply endured the hazing as a ritual, expecting it to last only for the first year of college. Over time, bullying in colleges and universities has been reduced significantly. This does not, however, mean that our society is bullying-free. In contemporary societies, bullying still takes place, although in different forms. Bullying can take place in schools, at places of employment, and even in neighborhoods, involving adults and children. However, parents often miss the bullying that goes on within their own homes. For instance, younger children face a significant degree of bullying from their older siblings. For example, whenever elder children are assigned some domestic tasks, they entice their younger siblings to do the tasks for them. Should the latter refuse, they are threatened, abused physically, or denied food. The causes of this form of bullying are widespread. Research has shown that families in which there is sibling bullying tend to be low-income. In other words, there is substantial scarcity of basic needs to the point that children literally fight over the meager resources available. Subsequently, the older children will impose a condition on their younger brothers and sisters; that for them to get food, they have to run certain errands for the older ones or perform specific tasks. For fear of being denied a basic necessity, the young children obey. In other situations, bullying is a way of emphasizing one’s seniority or superiority in a particular setting. This is the main reason for bullying in learning institutions. In other cases, bullying can be an indicator of an underlying psychological problem on the part of the perpetrator. For example, a person who is under pressure may decide to release it on the helpless, subordinate individuals around him or her. One major effect of bullying is emotional distress. If the bullying takes the form of physical abuse or threats, the victim may become withdrawn, developing low self-esteem. In itself, lack of self-esteem produces many other undesirable effects. For instance, it can interfere with academic performance and social involvement. It can also cause a general distaste for life. In the latter, it is possible that a person may commit suicide because he or she sees no value in life. On the other hand, bullying may harden the victim, leading to the development of a cruel and callous individual. This might carry over into adulthood, resulting in parents who are extremely harsh on their children and their spouses, as well. Ultimately, it will affect a society in a number of ways that relate to psychological and health issues. Tips on cause and effect essay writing: In order to compose a powerful cause and effect essay on bullying, one needs to generate an outline to guide the development of the essay – select the most important effect that bullying may have on an individual and then determine the primary causes for it. No matter, how in-depth your investigation on this topic is, it is of vital importance to have a general idea of what you are going to write about. This will help you to concentrate and stay focused on the most important aspects of the topic. If you need to buy a professional essay on bullying you can easily contact our professional essay writing service which hires highly qualified writers only to help students online.

Topic below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Topic below - Essay Example The order that he gives to the man’s actions – he dies, then he gives up loving, then he lives with her – makes it clear that his death was not literal but emotional. Imagery is used in the first stanza as the poet presents the wedding band as a form of retainer. A retainer is a kind of restraint that forces something to remain in place. Creeley says the golden wedding ring was only â€Å"the first retainer,† forcing the reader to see the ring as a leash. The tone is established throughout the poem as the information is presented. The second stanza should give an impression of passionate love-making as it is presumably occurring on the wedding night, but instead it seems somewhat cold. It is labeled as the second restraint he placed on her and she, again, has no active part in the action. He just wakes up, leans over and kisses her without any consideration for what she might want. Throughout his poem, Creeley uses the technical tools of literature such as language, imagery and tone to make his point clear. Although his couple presumably loves each other at the beginning of the poem, they are seen as emotionless zombies by the end. If one reads the poem a little closer, it seems the reason this marriage has lost its passion is because of the restraints he’s put on her which removes her exciting mystique and he loses

Write a critical reflction and evaluation of your performance as a Essay

Write a critical reflction and evaluation of your performance as a mentor in workplace learning and assessing - Essay Example Gillespie (2005) asserts that a connected student-teacher relationship is characterized by the teacher nursing with students so that students â€Å"experience self-confirmation of their existing capacities and, prompted by the example of the clinical teacher, become aware of potential capacities† (Gillespie, 2005, p. 215). When investigating student perceptions of effective and ineffective clinical instructors, Tang, Chou, and Chiang (2005) found that students perceived that the most effective clinical instructors were those having strong interpersonal relationships with students and rated â€Å"solves problems with students† as the highest rated item within that category (p. 190). This would suggest that working together with students and role modeling professional behaviors are powerful determinants of effective teaching (Tang, Chou, & Chiang, 2005, 187-192). The term mentor is used to denote the role of a nurse, midwife, or even a health visitor who facilitates learning and assess students in the practice setting. According to Department of Health, the mentor role is to facilitate learning across pre and post registration programmes. In order to do that, the mentor must supervise, support, and guide students in institutional practice where learning happens in a clinical environment. One of the main roles is assessment where implementation of approved procedures for assessment is to be executed by the mentors. They would thus be facilitators of learning in the practice setting, where they would manage and contribute to the experience of the student nurses (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008, 1-17). The Nursing and Midwifery Council has developed a framework to support learning and assessment in practice. This framework also defines and describes the requisite knowledge and skills that are needed to be applied in practice when they support and assess students undertaking

Feasibility study of setting up a business Assignment

Feasibility study of setting up a business - Assignment Example The primary objective of this study is to find out if it is feasible to set up a fitness/gym shop. Secondary Objectives: The secondary objectives are mainly research, analyses and evaluations. The following types of research will be undertaken: Research into the local economy. Household incomes, unemployment rates as well as demographics within the local area have a significant influence on the success of the proposed business. Finding out and analysing those figures will be necessary to evaluate as accurately as possible. Primary Research into the target market. This is a vital part of the whole study, as it will tell about consumer needs and wants. It will reveal whether there is an interest in such a shop and hence be helpful in order to decide if setting this business up will be feasible. Analysis of primary research. The findings of the different types of research will provide this study with an overview of the demand of the proposed business. However, financial limitations will lead to outcomes that are not completely reliable. Therefore it is necessary to justify the conclusions made. Research into the market. Analysing this market will be of use to decide on which strategy is most appropriate. Assessing the competition the proposed business is going to face will help to adopt suitable marketing strategies. Spending habits as well as holes in the market will hopefully be spotted. Analysis of secondary research. The secondary research gathered will be vital in order to create a marketing plan. The findings about competition and demographics will reveal where it is most suitable to set up the shop. Investment Appraisal. In order to decide where to locate the proposed shop an investment appraisal will be carried out. Qualitative factors are going to be... The result of the first part of the survey reveals a lot. It shows that those who buy supplements purchase them on the Internet, which concludes that there is no or hardly any competition in the area. The result that 99% would like to get consultation in that area explains why there are only 20% buying those products. There is a lack of knowledge about supplements like why it should be taken, by whom, when and how much. From the result that 96% of those buying these products get it from the Internet it can be concluded that they received little if any consultation. As the intention is to employ staff with knowledge about nutrition this can be seen as a good selling point. The 4% who buy supplements elsewhere got them from the fitness centre they are member of. However, those studios are very limited because you need a nutritionist’s degree to sell them.

Executive summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Executive summary - Essay Example In 1990, European identity was formed. This was encouraged by values like poverty eradication, job creation, environmental protection, war rejection, freedom and democracy, human rights and European culture diversification (Polonska & Kimunguyi, 107). American media had dominated in 1980’s. This enabled USA to dominate the whole world in terms of imagery and even power. Western Europe countries also started to dominate the media but in minor way. Through technological development, some parts of Western Europe were able to have TV channels. Introduction of satellites made communication easier but western European media failed to introduce. Therefore, the European media was sidelined (Polonska & Kimunguyi, 108). In 1980, European fought cultural imperialism involving itself more on the media industries. An initiative called European Initiative was formed. Television channels were introduced since they were known to be more influential. This led to the existence of the Euronews. Euronews majors on current affairs and news only. It started broadcasting in five languages but currently it does broadcasting in twelve languages. It broadcasts to 333 million households (Polonska & Kimunguyi, 110). Euronews covers all stories from regions and these stories must be relevant to the European citizen. Its journalists ensure that national allusions and references are adhered to. Journalists write their own accounts. The stories they give should balance view where objectivity is the main rule (Polonska & Kimunguyi, 112). Currently, Euronews is trying to reach the whole world. It is broadcasting in twelve languages. This ensures that it is hunting the whole world. Euronews is reaching many countries in the world because European Union is also going global (Polonska & Kimunguyi,

Company law Reform Bill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Company law Reform Bill - Essay Example These directors together are called the Board of Directors. Since all the directors cannot execute individually they elect one among them as a Managing Director. The board of Directors will take all policy decisions in the Board meeting and the Managing Director executes the decision taken by the board. The proviso 741(1) deals with the definition of directors, this proviso is an inclusive provision which says the directors include properly appointed directors, "de jure" directors like "governor", not properly appointed directors such as "de facto directors" and "shadow" directors. [Charlesworth & Morse, Company Law (1999)] a De facto Directors: De facto Directors are those who act openly as directors and they claim to be directors on they being performed the functions of the directors, though they are not properly appointed. These directors are recognized as de facto directors for only that period during which they acted so. [Charlesworth & Morse, Company Law(1999)] b It is a decided law that person who claims to be director by de facto has to make a plea and establish that he has undertaken such function of the company which would have been undertaken by the director only, but not simply to show that he has under taken the and discharged the functions which the management below the directors could not be under taken and discharged. Re Richborough Furniture Ltd 2 In this case it was held that De facto director should satisfy either of two tests such as (a) he is sole person directing the affairs of the company or (b) he was acting on par with other directors in directing the affairs of the company, if there are other properly appointed directors. Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v. Lating 3 In this case while approving the two tests it was held that by simply satisfying either of the two test is not sufficient to claim as de fact director, but he should be still acting as such, which means that the de facto director is recognized as director only during the period in which he is acting as per the two tests. Once he ceased to be acting as such he would be ceasing to be de facto director. The court in another case Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v. Hickling 4 approved this Shadow Directors: Section 741(2) of the companies act 1985 defines shadow director as 'a person in accordance with whose directions or instructions the directors of a company are accustomed to act'. Professional persons on whose, advise the directors act are excluded from this definition. Shadow directors are vicariously liable for the action of the directors whom they appoint or control. This provision aims at preventing the persons escaping from the liability under the shelter of a board of marionette. The directors of a subsidiary who are working under the directions of the directors of the parent company then the directors of the parent company are called the shadow directors. (LS Sealy, Cases and Materials in Company Law) c Re Hydrodam(Corby)ltd 1 The court held in this case that one has to satisfy the four conditions for adjudicating a person as shadow director such as (i) he is properly appointed or de facto director (ii) the director directs the other directors in which manner they have to function in relation to the company (iii) the other directo

How did Industrialization change America between 1860 and 1900 Essay - 1

How did Industrialization change America between 1860 and 1900 - Essay Example Among the greatest changes that took place in the United States with regard to industrialization is improved living standards. Industrialization brought with it numerous issues and one of the positive issues is that it created employment opportunities. With the increase in industries, there was a basic requirement of workers and these people came from the surrounding areas. These people worked tirelessly with the aim of achieving the most for their industries. The consequent result of this is that people gained more income from the industries and improved their living standards (Meyer 74). Another change that took place is an increase in population. Two major factors that led to this and it is important to review both of them. One of the reasons as to why population increased is because people got comfortable with their lives and decided to multiply. Another reason is the fact that the United States became attractive to many outsiders and thus many immigrants came in from different regions. The reason as to why they came into the country is to look for employment in the upcoming industries at the time. The transport system is another that faced many changes during that period. This happened because people required an elaborate transport system through which they would get to work. Another reason as to why the transport system improved is that entrepreneurs required a fast method through which they would transport their products. With the advent of industries, the food production increased and thus the market widened (Meyer 106). One of the political changes witnessed because of industrialization is the rise of taxation. Prior to industrialization, the concept of taxation was rare but with the increase in goods doing rounds in the market the government found a loophole. The government decided to start taxing traders and this would lead to its accumulation of funds. Thinking in the economic line,

Company law Reform Bill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Company law Reform Bill - Essay Example These directors together are called the Board of Directors. Since all the directors cannot execute individually they elect one among them as a Managing Director. The board of Directors will take all policy decisions in the Board meeting and the Managing Director executes the decision taken by the board. The proviso 741(1) deals with the definition of directors, this proviso is an inclusive provision which says the directors include properly appointed directors, "de jure" directors like "governor", not properly appointed directors such as "de facto directors" and "shadow" directors. [Charlesworth & Morse, Company Law (1999)] a De facto Directors: De facto Directors are those who act openly as directors and they claim to be directors on they being performed the functions of the directors, though they are not properly appointed. These directors are recognized as de facto directors for only that period during which they acted so. [Charlesworth & Morse, Company Law(1999)] b It is a decided law that person who claims to be director by de facto has to make a plea and establish that he has undertaken such function of the company which would have been undertaken by the director only, but not simply to show that he has under taken the and discharged the functions which the management below the directors could not be under taken and discharged. Re Richborough Furniture Ltd 2 In this case it was held that De facto director should satisfy either of two tests such as (a) he is sole person directing the affairs of the company or (b) he was acting on par with other directors in directing the affairs of the company, if there are other properly appointed directors. Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v. Lating 3 In this case while approving the two tests it was held that by simply satisfying either of the two test is not sufficient to claim as de fact director, but he should be still acting as such, which means that the de facto director is recognized as director only during the period in which he is acting as per the two tests. Once he ceased to be acting as such he would be ceasing to be de facto director. The court in another case Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v. Hickling 4 approved this Shadow Directors: Section 741(2) of the companies act 1985 defines shadow director as 'a person in accordance with whose directions or instructions the directors of a company are accustomed to act'. Professional persons on whose, advise the directors act are excluded from this definition. Shadow directors are vicariously liable for the action of the directors whom they appoint or control. This provision aims at preventing the persons escaping from the liability under the shelter of a board of marionette. The directors of a subsidiary who are working under the directions of the directors of the parent company then the directors of the parent company are called the shadow directors. (LS Sealy, Cases and Materials in Company Law) c Re Hydrodam(Corby)ltd 1 The court held in this case that one has to satisfy the four conditions for adjudicating a person as shadow director such as (i) he is properly appointed or de facto director (ii) the director directs the other directors in which manner they have to function in relation to the company (iii) the other directo

Looking for Alibrandi essay Essay Example for Free

Looking for Alibrandi essay Essay Essay question: Family has a strong influence on our lives. It affects the way we view ourselves and those around us. How has family influenced Josephine and what impact does it have?Family is one of our main influences in our lives, although we are not always aware of it. It shapes the people we are and the choices we make in our lives. In the text Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta, Josephine Alibrandi is seeking to be free from the world and its misunderstood societal regulations throughout her twelfth year of high school the year of change and new ways of thinking. Throughout her journey, her family influences her way of thinking. She grows and learns through family and structure, accepting her Italian heritage and family members. Family shows who she is, and by accepting that, Josie is able to live freely to the life she dreamed of, although not in the way she originally expected. Throughout the book, family influences Josephine to reach her goal of emancipation, creating a connected family and a liberated perspective on life. Throughout the book, Josies way of thinking changes immensely, from negativity towards her family and culture, to a new understanding and perspective towards life. This is the effect from family, personal experiences, and sharing truths and feelings. Which teaches Josie how she feels about her culture, family and find the part of herself which is embedded in her family. Showing that her family influences and changes the way she feels about life and gives her a new perspective towards it. As the book progresses, Josephine learns to appreciate family the sacrifices they make her, her Italian heritage and the community of family. Josie became respectful and thankful towards her family as apposed to resentful, because they loved her and her individuality. This has influenced Josie to learn her own truths, make her own rules and way of life, but most importantly, to figure out where her place in life is, I know where my place in life is. Its not where the Seras or the Carlys of the world have slotted me†¦ Im an Australian with Italian blood flowing rapidly through my veins. Ill say that with pride, because its pride that I feel. (page 259). Once Josie realises that her family had confided with her and had sacrificed all these things for her and the Alibrandi/Andretti name, she took action, to change her life for herself and her family, to be a better person. A lot has  changed at home†¦ Maybe because Ive changed. (page 259), this shows that from what her family has taught her, Josephine has changed for the better. Maybe not in the way she expected to, but in the way she can learn to accept herself and her family, which has changed her family life to a more loving, excepting community. Every family has structure, just like Josephines family. Josephines family has a very significant structure, which is generally influenced by their Italian culture and society, making them blind to Josephines way of life, They stifle me with their rules and regulations they have bought with them from Europe, but they havent changed with the times†¦ Theres always someone I have to respect. (p40). This indicates that Josies family is stuck in the old Italian ways, so ignorant and stubborn. Expecting respect even though they have done nothing but age, I am an old woman now and I deserve respect. (p36). This is why Josie dislikes the culture and traditions, because she feels that those traditions are what hold her down and not let her live the free life she dreams of. But through experiences and feel she can not do anything that she wants with her life, her family will always look down upon her, only remembering the bad things and they will always talk, no matter what which is what Josie learns to accept †¦I think that if I lived like a saint and walked with two feet in one shoe; If I wore the clothes of St Francis of Assisi and suffered like a martyr; if I lived by the rules and never committed a sin, people would still talk. Because human nature. Theyll always, like me, find someone to talk about. (p261). Culture and its traditions is another thing Josies family is buried in, which brings Josie down with it as well, Josie: Culture is nailed into you so deep you cant escape it. (p175). All this is what holds Josie down from being free and doing what she wants. Family in Josephines life is what influences Josie to who she is and what decisions and actions she makes. Even though her family is who she thinks has trapped her life and social standing under the floor, Josie can not help the fact that family and culture and traditions and wealth is what makes Josie the person she is. And it is not until she realises this is when her emancipation can happen. I just sat there thinking back on the year and I  realised that I was emancipated long ago†¦ I remember feeling socially out of it at St. Marthas, yet when the†¦ walk-a-thon happened, I realised I wasnt. I thought my birth circumstances were a cross Id bear for the rest of my life, but†¦ it had never been my cross. I had only made it mine. (p258) Josie feels emancipated because she had taken the time to reflect back and look at the bigger picture. She realised that she didnt care what people though of her anymore because what difference is it really going to make in her life. Josie will always be Josie, and no matter how much others disagree it cant change her, You cant hate what you are a part of. What you are. (p152). Her family will always be the ones who she will look up to, And I cried because I was loved by two of the strongest women I would ever meet in my lifetime. (p226) These strong characteristics are what have influenced Josie the most to stand up for herself and be strong for herself. You know a wonderful thing happened to me when I reflected back on my year. One day came. Because I finally understood. (p261), throughout her journey Josie learns through her family a new way of thinking, she grows and learns through family influences and family structure, accepting her Italian heritage and family members. Family shows who she is, and by accepting that, Josie is able to live freely to the life she dreamed of, although not in the way she originally expected. Throughout the book, family influences Josephine to reach her goal of emancipation, creating a connected family and a liberated perspective on life.

Royal Selangor IT System And Cloud Computing

Royal Selangor IT System And Cloud Computing 1. Introduction This report is commissioned by the request of Royal Selangor International (RS) for the purpose of analyzing existing IT infrastructure and draw out recommendations for RS to adopt to cloud computing technology. The current IT infrastructure that operates RSs business processes are analyzed. Data for the analysis are collected through interviews with RS management representatives. Based on these data and comparison with available cloud computing solutions, recommendation on the adoption of cloud computing are derived for RSs considerations. 1.1. Background Royal Selangors core business is retailing pewter artifacts and jewelleries. RS is a private owned company manufacturing and retailing fine quality pewter artifacts products worldwide and is now the largest pewter artifacts producer in the world. Founded in 1885 and based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, RS has expanded leaps and bounds to international recognition and has won several prestigious awards. The company recently celebrated its 125 years anniversary. The homepage URL of the Royal Selangor is http://www.royalselangor.com RS currently operates 3 brands under the company. RS on its own crafts and retails the pewter artifacts, Selberan which retails fine jewellery and Comyns, a brand that has 350 years old legacy in silversmiths. (Bernama 2011) RSs products are marketed through 3 channels as follows; RS owned flagship stores which are located at prominent shopping districts around the world, including London, Tokyo, Melbourne and Toronto. Distribution network to reputable retailers around the world. Online shop that serves both distributors and customers. The major part of RSs success is through the online retailing. RS are the pioneer in setting up its business for online shopping. It has enabled RS to spread its business internationally to distributors and also directly to end users. RS was awarded the CIO award in 2001 which recognizes the genius is IT implementation and strategy. (International 2001) The online shop has also provided RS channel to communicate with the customer and improves its services. RS has also established worldwide offices with warehousing facilities in major markets such as Australia, Japan, Hong Kong, China, Singapore, Britain and North America.   1.2. Corporate Structure RS is a family run business since it was first founded in 1885. Through 4 generations, the business has been passed on to succeeding family members. RS organization structure for the manufacturing business is as per Attachment A. The Managing Director is supported by two General Managers, managing and overlooking the entire operations from raw materials, production, research and development, marketing, e-commerce up to distribution and international marketing. Each section operates on its IT system for reporting and thorough tracking of the raw materials up to storage and distribution. Further detail analysis of the IT system of RS will be captured in Part 2. RSs Company Policy states the ambition of the company to maintain its status among the forerunners of the industry and to strive for excellence by being ahead of competition. In align with this policy, RS has adapted well with new IT systems to further improve its services to the customers. This is proven when RS opened its online store 10 years ago in 1996 while many industry players are still skeptical about online store. (Yee 2007) RS has structured its operations to run on a systematic IT infrastructure. Business processes of the group include the following: Financial department Human resource management Manufacturing Distribution Marketing Warehousing Customer relation management. 2. IT Infrastructure With over 1000 different products to be manufactured and distributed across local branches in Malaysia and also to 20 other countries directly, RS requires a system that could provide up-to-date and accurate information to the people involved. RS had embarked on various marketing strategies to expand the organisation and in the year 1996, ventured into the e-commerce with RS online shop and website promotion and advertising (International 2001). The subsequent business strategies, marketing, e-commerce system and web development have since been developed in-house to the specific needs of the organisation and RS wanting more control in its development and deployment. (Yoon Kit, Yong 2011, pers. comm., 1 April) Critical business processes especially for manufacturing and the retailing are being integrated and streamlined for speedier processing and better performance for the organisation. For the manufacturing department, integration and real-time updating of information for raw materials, work-in-progress and final goods are vital for the organisation to be leaner. Enterprise applications have the capability to provide accurate buying trends of customers and the information gathered have translate into a better inventory management for the organisation and also to the customers. As for the design team, IT is needed to speed up the design period and can help to transform new ideas into great products. Design information can be used for quick and clear generation of manufacturing ready drawings and used for virtual prototyping. All this can offer distinct advantage to RS over their competitors such as new products were created in pewter with an additional animated storybook. (Bao Shan, Yip 2011, pers. comm., 3 April) Retailing staff will benefit from the information on customers and also inventory to better serve the customer. Fast response and also delivery scheduling can help the retail staff to close sales deal quicker. Besides that, online marketing tools such as social networking are used to promote products actively. For RS, the strategic role of IT is very clear and it is for creating a competitive advantage over their competitors. (Yee 2007) 2.1. Computer Hardware Platforms For the routine tasks, desktop computers and laptops from Dell and HP running on Intel or AMD processors are provided. For the design team, Apple IMac is used as it is more suited for the modelling and designing purposes.   The mainframes are located in-house and consist of HP and Dell servers. These are dedicated for the critical applications such as the enterprise resource planning system (ERP), Storage Area Network, private automatic branch exchange (PABX) and the network systems between the offices and also the online shop. Cashiers at the respective branches are utilizing Point of Sales (POS) Terminals connected to the main servers for daily transaction processing. 2.2. Operating System Platforms For the general desktop computing or client level, RS is using Windows based operating system to manage the resources and activities of the computers. The Apple computers are supported with IMac OS X system. For the servers, RS is using Samba / Linux Server OS systems which are open sourced and it is easily adaptable to different servers and software. Centralised updates and patches are provided in-house by RS IT staff. 2.3. Enterprise Software Application RS is currently using the Baan ERP system and it was deployed in the year 1999. The system is used mainly in manufacturing, finance, human resource and warehousing. The Baan Client is running on the Windows based operating system. The selection of Baan was based on the capability of the manufacturing module of the Baan ERP system. 2.4. Networking / Telecommunication RS requires a reliable network and telecommunications setup because of the global presence and extensive distribution channels to more than 20 countries such as Singapore, Japan, Hong Kong, China, Australia, United Kingdom, Canada and United States of America. Locally, there are about 21 outlets nationwide. They are using Unifi fibre optics broadband services provided by Telekom Malaysia. This is for the standard activities such as internet and correspondences and the network is managed via Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite. As for the dedicated leased line, it is connected to the offices and branches via the Cisco Networks. Cisco Core Switch provides the entire organisation connectivity for their Enterprise Data Routing and with the switching capability of the Intelligent Bandwidth helps to ensure optimum availability to their office and branches worldwide. Inter-office communication is using Lotus Notes as the integrated desktop client option for accessing e-mail and calendaring. The main office is utilizing PABX phone system which is able to support an enterprise wide phone and fax machines where as the branches are connected via standard public switched telephone networks. 2.5. Data management and Storage The Data management and storage for RS is quite large as it is to ensure that all product designs are archived and kept for future reference. The other requirement of the organisation is to provide a shared folder running on the server as the depository of the new product designs in use by the organisation. The major usage of a 20 tetrabyte space is for the designs of the products and the accessibility of the information by various departments. Baan ERP application and database usage accounts for about 200 gigabyte space and the Lotus Notes application takes up about 150 gigabyte space. The physical hardware for the storage comes from various original equipment manufacturer (OEM) sources and the main supplier is Dell. The hardware components are Dell / EMC CX3 which is utilizing Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)/Fibre hard disk for key production system. 2.6. Internet Platforms The key internet sites for RS are the online shop/e-commerce and the visitor center homepage. The other sites under the group are Comyns and Selberan which is also under the support of RS IT department. The web site was built with customers in mind it is to be used as a two-way communication channel for customers, as well as a one-to-one marketing and fulfilment tool. The web hosting of these sites has been outsourced to CSC to ensure service availability and network latency. These webhosting servers are running on the latest iteration of Microsoft IIS Servers. The website are maintained with Linux / Apache / MySQL / Perl/PHP/Python package as it is open-source and it is easily adaptable to suit RS applications. 2.7. Consultants and System Integrators Most of the system integration work is done in house leveraging on the knowledge available. Currently, RS is getting external consultant support for the Baan ERP systems when required. The e-commerce system initially was out sourced but due to the specific needs of the organisation, it is now fully developed and maintained in house. Others system integrators or consultants are being appointed when necessary. Issues that were identified are as follows:- To ensure interoperability between each systems. RS have basically two systems to ensure its interoperability which are the CRM and the ERP applications. As for the other platforms such as servers and data center, the software used are open source whereby customisation would be easier. Ensure constant communication and connection between shared information worldwide. The need to access to data and inventory in real-time and reliably. Maintain a well integrated and smooth supply chain especially for the online shop. It needs to be updated constantly and best practices are to be employed and cascade down to the operation levels. Implementation will be a major stumbling block due to the manufacturing processes being labour intensive. Maintenance of software and hardware systems 24/7. For storage, the challenge is managing the data and managing the systems that house the data. Software tools that track and manage storage resources efficiently are in high demand for these reasons. IT staff retention proved to be difficult. Internally, the IT department is supporting on hardware troubleshooting whereas the service or troubleshooting support will be provided by the external team of consultants. The current staff skill is sufficient to maintain and operate the system effectively. However, the staff education at the operator level is still lacking. Constant training and retraining is required. Cost reduction is actively pursued whenever there is chance as budget is always constrained. Since data storage continues to grow at 40% to 60% per year, the challenge is amplified to try to get the most from any new storage purchase. Challenges that are constantly faced by RS are listed below and a few are being actively pursued by RS. To maintain operation excellence in the whole value chain design, manufacture, distribution and retailing not only locally but also worldwide. Leaner production and shorter processing time and delivery schedules are key focus area for continuous improvements. (International 2001) To innovate and re-invent the â€Å"wheel† for the retailing and marketing of the products by using IT. Constantly RS need to find ways to market their products as the current marketing channel in local and overseas retail shops, on-line shop, corporate customers and the visitor center / showroom is not adequate. Currently each competitor in pewter ware has their very own website and they are promoting their products on line, retails shops and also at their main showroom (Tumasek 2011). RS have to look at the industry of premium giftware as well which would consider a worldwide market. Search Engine Optimisation programs, partnership with search engines and partnerships with other websites are areas to focus more in order to penetrate further into the international market. (Shankar 2003) To retain customers and to attract new customers are important. Major competitors such as Tumasek, Oriental Pewter, Mariwasa and Pewter Arts are constantly challenging RS. New designs and faster production and roll-out of products would ensure a greater market share. Providing better and more personal touch to customer service will benefit in the long run as customers would have greater perception of the product not only in terms of quality but also the service that comes with it. (Shankar, 2003) To constantly review the business strategies and if necessary upgrade or adapt the current system based on the specific needs of the organisation. The final call is that any new product or system purchased should move towards lower costs, better processes and common management.(Yee 2007) Strategies such as using setting up websites in native languages of the country they are going to market the product. Open source plays an important role with the servers in RS. (Yoon Kit, Yong 2011, pers. comm., 1 April) Most of the infrastructure servers are on Linux which gives flexibility in rolling out new servers as well as replicating our administration. RS uses a lot of the virtual machine ware so it is now easier to deploy new test and production servers on demand without having to submit capital expenditure and commission new machines. Constant updating of information and also skills related to open source would be vital for RS. 3. Cloud Computing   Cloud computing obtained its name from the metaphor for internet which represents an area on the network that resides outside (cloud) but is required to make the network complete. The control of the cloud is an external partys concern which is hosted and maintained by other parties and does not need the interference of the internal parties (Velte et al. 2010, p. 3). Examining the Cloud computing, it is basically a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources. These resources include networks, servers, storage, applications, and services that can be provided to the customers to assist its daily operations. As explained in NIST document, Cloud computing consists of five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models (Mell Grance January 2011, pp. 2-3). The 5 Essential Characteristics On-demand self-service. Services are available to the customer at all times and without any need for intervention by the service provider. Broad network access. The system is web based and can be accessed from any internet enabled device such as through mobile devices, thin or thick client platforms. Resource pooling. The provider of the cloud computing services uses physical or virtual resources to serve multiple customers with different needs. The customer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources. Rapid elasticity. Customers can scale up or scale down according to their own requirements. Additional services can be purchased at any time. Measured service. Customers accessing the system are easily tracked and controlled by means of storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts. The 3 Service Models Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS). The provider offers an application that the customer can be accessed by different client platforms such as a normal client computer. The software is web based and does not reside in the customers computers. The devices only need to interface via a thin client interface such as the Web browser. The consumer does not need to physically install the software. Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS). The capability provided to the customer to develop applications using the programming languages and tools provided by the provider. The customer will only have control of the application developed using the platform provided. Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The provider only provides the infrastructure to the customer. The customer controls its own software and applications but has no control over the cloud infrastructure. The 4 Deployment Models Private cloud. The cloud services are provided to only one organization. Community cloud. The cloud services are shared by few organizations Public cloud. The cloud services are made available to the general public or a large industry group and are owned by an organization selling cloud services. Hybrid cloud. The mixture of two or more cloud deployment models which runs on a standard or propriety technology. To summarize the definition of cloud computing, it is where software, platform or infrastructure services that are made available to the customers at all times. The customers have relieved itself from the concerns of operating and maintaining the physical aspects of the system and enable them to focus on its core competencies.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Before exploring the adoption of Royal Selangor with cloud computing, the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing will be explored in following chapters below to examine further the key positives that will help the company. Figure 3.1 illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of Cloud Computing. 3.1. Advantages of Cloud Computing 3.1.1. Financial Benefits Cloud computing provides new solutions for all sizes of businesses and industries. When modern businesses looks for ways to cut operating cost without losing much productivity, cloud computing serves to be a key part to assist the business to achieve the target. By improving server utilization and decreasing the number of servers, significant cost reductions can be seen and additionally, future capital expenditure can be controlled. Normally servers are designed to have redundancy as well as spares for future expansions. This translates to capital expenditures spent for facilities that are not utilized. Cloud computing provides enables the customer to only pay the amount of usages utilized which translates to cost reductions.   Also, theres a reduction in physical server depreciation cost. As pointed out above, fewer servers maintained by the company means less depreciation costs. In addition, it also directly reflects to energy consumption and facilities cost. Reduced servers require less energy to operate and smaller facilities. When a true comparison is done, using a fully cost model, the decision weighs more favourably towards cloud computing. And when the other advantages are taken into account then cloud computing can really stack up as a viable option (Group 2009, p. 6) . 3.1.2. Technological benefits Cloud computing has the ability for the system to expand and contract automatically based on the demand of the customer. For software, new users can be assigned to the system and start using almost immediately without much complications. The resource platforms such as storage, networks and servers are available on-demand and again do not require much intervention or effort by the customer to prepare the system. More significantly is the redundancy and back-up system available to the customer, ensuring that the data are safe and protected. 3.1.3. Operational benefits In terms of operations benefits, this can be referred as outsourcing the IT system and delegating the risk management. Service providers have to ensure that the system is available at any time and redundancy provided. The problems that have been concerns for companies running physical hardware, servers and data centers can now shift the risks to the service provider. Access to the system is also improved as it can be accessed from anywhere through an internet enabled device. This improved operation excellence as data are always available at anywhere, anytime to the users of cloud computing. 3.1.4. Environmental Benefits By using lesser servers through servers consolidation, energy consumption of the IT system is drastically decreased. This translates to lower and more efficient energy consumption. 3.1.5. Competitive Advantage Businesses can be more competitive by adopting to cloud computing. Cloud computing provide a quick and efficient start up for any small or medium size businesses. This enables them to have almost similar capacity as larger established companies in terms of IT systems. Also, with data easily available, it enables businesses in general to be more agile and response quicker to market. 3.2. Disadvantages of Cloud Computing While the advantages of cloud look promising, there are also disadvantages to the cloud services such as below:- 3.2.1. Security issues There is a need to look at the security aspect for cloud. The security risks that come with cloud computing ranges from user access, recovery, regulatory compliance and long term viability.   Sensitive data processed/stored externally brings with it an inherent level of risk, because outsourced services bypass the physical, logical and personnel controls† from in-house programs. The controls of user access and also content management access would need to be transparent and clear so customers are not worried about their data being compromised. (Brodkin 2008) 3.2.2. Lack of control For cloud computing, the hardware and software could be based in multiple locations all around the world compare to in-house systems. The control on the storage and security of the data will be the under the jurisdiction of the cloud vendor and users do not have much control over it. Performance and upgrading of the applications and data protection will be relying on the timeliness or scheduling of the vendors to update their software. 3.2.3. Lock-in to cloud vendors Users should be aware of the risk of lock-in to the cloud vendors. The consideration will be on whether in the future there is the need for changes or replacement of the software/platform/infrastructure selected initially and thus switching cost will be incurred. Based on the three types of cloud computing, the service and platform will have some sort of impact and difficulty if there is a need to change vendors. Selection of vendors that provide minimum lock-in should be preferred. (Petri 2010) There is also the need to ensure that the data that is held with the vendor will remain available even if they have been acquired or merge with other larger vendors. 3.2.4. Reliability on cloud functionality Cloud vendors based their business on providing high up-time and downtimes should be kept to a minimum. Overall hardware and network reliability from cloud vendors are considered to be at par or above par comparing to the average data center. However, there are instances when there is downtime and this would be considered to be unacceptable if it is too long and economic losses are being factored in. A few vendors will have strict service level agreements (SLAs) that provide themselves with a method of controlling the downtime. (ENKI 2011) Besides the downtime from servers, we need to look at the downtime created due to non internet service such as connection and bandwidth availability. There might be problem when the internet connection is not available or not sufficient to support the functionality of the applications. This would totally render the cloud application a total failure. 3.2.5. Data segregation Data stored in the cloud is generally in a shared environment and it is placed within the same location as other users. There is the need to ensure that the data is fully secured and only the authorised user can access it and the cloud provider should proof that encryption schemes were designed and tested by experienced specialists. Data can be totally unusable if there is complication during the de-cryption procedure. (Brodkin 2008) 3.2.6. Recovery of Data and Services There would be difficulty in accessing the data and service provided in the cloud as the user would not have any information on where the data is or how it is being stored. In the event of disaster, the cloud provider would need to setup a proper data recovery or restoration. There would be question on when can be data be ready for use once they initiate the recovery process. (Brodkin 2008) 4. Recommendation of cloud computing adoption/adaption The findings from above are analyzed against the factors that forms the Competitive Forces Model for IT Infrastructure (Laudon Laudon 2010, p. 223). This will provide an outline of RSs requirement to adopt cloud computing as its IT infrastructure. 4.1. Market demand for organisations services Internet sales have always been the forefront business of RS. 80% of RSs sales are from the online shop. (Yee 2007) Considering future trends, the e-commerce will keep on expanding and improving. The market demand is and has proven to be in abundance for RS to venture. With cloud computing, RSs operation can be more streamlined and improved and meet customers demands. 4.2. RS business strategy RS strive to be the best pewter manufacturer in the world and maintain its competitive edge over competitors. (Khay Chong, Saw 2011, pers. comm., 5 April) 4.3. RS IT strategy, infrastructure and cost RS plans to use IT to gain competitive edge over their competitors and to maintain their market position. The strategy has proven to be useful as it was acknowledge by the CIO Asia Award in 2001 and Intelligent Enterprise: Asias Intelligent 20 award for the E-commerce operations.(International 2001) Ventures into social media marketing and web collaboration with overseas online shop have provided the exposure and advertising advantage for them such as partnership with John Lewis (http://www.johnlewis.com) or Wesell Royal Selangor (http://www.wesellroyalselangor.co.uk/). 4.4. RS Information technology assessment Current setup is very centralized and all located within the main HQ. From the IT infrastructure study, we find that the hardware and software used within the organization are considered to be reasonable and commonly used in all industries. The use of open source have also help in ensuring that the system can be modified and be made better as they use it with constant upgrading. However the weakness could lie with the staff availability. With cloud computing, it is a perfect IT infrastructure for RS to adopt. Switching to cloud computing provides a feasible solution for RS to maintain its businesses outside of Malaysia with the same IT infrastructure. 4.5. Competitors IT Services In evaluating RSs competitors IT services, two main competitors namely Tumasek Pewter and Oriental Pewter are analyzed. Both Tumasek Pewters (http://www.tumasek.com/home.htm) and Oriental pewters (http://www.orientalpewter.com.my/home.htm) website does not have online shop. RS is the leader in pewter industry as its main competitors are not having the same IT services as RS. This is even more a reason for RS to adopt cloud computing. As the start-up of IT system are faster through cloud computing, the competitors will definitely offer the same services in the near future. By adopting cloud computing first, RS can be ahead of competition. 4.6. IT infrastructure investment in pewter/retail industry For retail industry, capital spending in 2008-09 at John Lewis (RS partner) was  £404m, compared with  £363m in the previous year. About  £30m represents investment in efficiency projects such as new Oracle finance systems recently implemented in Waitrose and the firms head office, and investment in maintaining and modernising its IT set-up. (Mari 2009) Investment into IT for manufacturing is continuing to grow for Asian manufacturer and focus is on cloud based applications capability to increase the efficiency of the organization such as gaining insight on customer behaviour, improve efficiency and productivity of manufacturing operations and in the supply chain from supplier and also to customers. (Yap 2011). Under the Malaysias Economic Transformation Programme, the wholesale and retail and tourism industry are place in the forefront of Malaysias economic development. Few key areas were earmarked for development and the key area with IT investment would be the globalisation of our products by means of virtual retail platform or malls. Investment of about RM 1.3 billion will be spent on this area which can help competitors of RS to develop their online shop. (PEMANDU 2010) RS is well aligned to adopt to cloud computing. Moving into cloud for an established firm like RS requires a strong management vision statement and support for the migration. Strategies had to be developed to enable the migration to be completed flawlessly and most important, without hampering any existing business processes. Strategies to be taken by RS are as follows; Business Review To establish the key objectives, tools that can be use is SMARTA objectives which is Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Timely and Agreed. ( Williams 2010, p. 102 ) Project Management To setup a Project management team to manage the migration and keep all stakeholders satisfied. An Implementation plan will provide the necessary clear procedures for the migration. ( Williams 2010, p. 113 ) Adoption to cloud system shall be done according to recommended solutions as below; For the routine communications and content management, RS would be wise to look at the various applications offered from cloud computing. This would probably relieve some of the bottleneck for support currently faced by RS IT departments staff. Part of the RS marketing channel to corporate users would be beneficial if there was an application similar to what is being offered by Sales.Force.com. The sales value chain from i

anne frank :: essays research papers

DIARY OF ANNE FRANK Living in the peaceful land of Holland during the 1940's could never prepare the characters in this story for the devastation that was about to unfold. At first this story starts with Anne in a happy environment. Then things take a turn for the worst. This story has many settings over a long period of time, from 1939 to 1945 the war lasted. Through that time the story goes from Holland to a concentration camp then to another concentration camp. The story is told from the perspective of a young girl named Anne Frank. Anne was a normal Jewish girl who had normal problems like school and boys. She had always daydreamed about being a movie star. She was a very intelligent girl and liked to write. She liked to write so much that if she couldn't be a movie star she wanted to be a writer. Anne was very good at writing and wrote about the things that happened to her, her family and her friend with very unique and detailed wording. Hannah, like Anne lived in Holland. Also like Anne, Hannah was very friendly to all the people that she met and had many friends. Hannah and Anne were good friends, although Hannah had always teased Anne about being young, because Hannah was a month older than her. Meip Geis was a friend to Anne. When the franks were in hiding the were brought food by Meip. Meip was somewhat naive to the situations that surrounded her. She did not have the same intelligence or insights that Mr. frank possessed. She was very defiant and outspoken and had many close friends such as Hannah and Anne. Mr. Frank, the father of Anne was a very good man. He was smart, kind and very caring. Even when times were at there worst in the concentration camp, he help the men in his barracks."He is like a saint" one prisoner said to Anne, while speaking through the gate. All was well in Holland. Anne had just arrived at Hannah’s to ride bikes together to school. That day when they came home they found German soldiers at their house. They had come to take away their bicycles. Before long many more privileges were taken away from the Jewish people. Then Hannah heard the news that Anne was moving to Switzerland. This news was not true however because Anne had actually gone into hiding .

Medical Marijuana: A not so new form of medical treatment Essay

Marijuana usage for the purpose of medical treatment has been a debated issue in many states and Countries around the world. The United Kingdom and Canada have both adopted laws that are directed at protecting patients and doctors from prosecution due to possession and usage of marijuana for medical purposes. Australia has passed laws, but has not put them into effect, and the United States has not made any allowances, leaving marijuana in the same category with other illegal drugs and allowing for prosecution if a person is found to be growing, possessing or using marijuana, regardless of the reasons. According to Dresser, there are currently fourteen states that have taken it upon themselves to enact laws that allow for the prescribing and use of medical marijuana, California being the most liberal in terms of allowed usages (7). While medical conditions that allow marijuana to be prescribed vary from state to state, Hall and Degenhardt write that accepted treatments generally incl ude issues such as nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, wasting due to HIV and aids, movement disorders and muscle spasticity disorders (690-692). Although many government and public agencies disagree on the medical benefits that marijuana may provide in the relief of chronic symptoms, marijuana seems to be growing in popularity among doctors and the patients that benefit from its use and a vast number of people feel it should be legalized for medical conditions across America. The use of marijuana for medical purposes is not a new issue. Prior to the twentieth century, marijuana was often used for treatment of symptoms caused by medical issues in both the United States and throughout Europe, Asia and India. In their report, Hall & Degenhardt stat... ... discusses a study that was performed in California and other States due to concerns about medical marijuana having an elicit effect of influencing young people and causing an increase in illegal marijuana use. The study showed that no abnormal increase was seen among people ages 16 to 25 following the legalization of medical marijuana. Wiwi, Amy Komoroski, and Nicole P. Crifo. "The Unintended Impact of New Jersey's New Medical Marijuana Law on the Workplace." Employee Relations Law Journal 36.1 (2010): 33-37. SPORTDiscus with Full Text. EBSCO. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. This article discusses the medical marijuana laws in New Jersey and offers suggestions to employers on how to address issues in the work place, such as failed drug testing and employee usage of marijuana. It also addresses the lack of consideration of employment in the drafting and passing of these laws. Medical Marijuana: A not so new form of medical treatment Essay Marijuana usage for the purpose of medical treatment has been a debated issue in many states and Countries around the world. The United Kingdom and Canada have both adopted laws that are directed at protecting patients and doctors from prosecution due to possession and usage of marijuana for medical purposes. Australia has passed laws, but has not put them into effect, and the United States has not made any allowances, leaving marijuana in the same category with other illegal drugs and allowing for prosecution if a person is found to be growing, possessing or using marijuana, regardless of the reasons. According to Dresser, there are currently fourteen states that have taken it upon themselves to enact laws that allow for the prescribing and use of medical marijuana, California being the most liberal in terms of allowed usages (7). While medical conditions that allow marijuana to be prescribed vary from state to state, Hall and Degenhardt write that accepted treatments generally incl ude issues such as nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, wasting due to HIV and aids, movement disorders and muscle spasticity disorders (690-692). Although many government and public agencies disagree on the medical benefits that marijuana may provide in the relief of chronic symptoms, marijuana seems to be growing in popularity among doctors and the patients that benefit from its use and a vast number of people feel it should be legalized for medical conditions across America. The use of marijuana for medical purposes is not a new issue. Prior to the twentieth century, marijuana was often used for treatment of symptoms caused by medical issues in both the United States and throughout Europe, Asia and India. In their report, Hall & Degenhardt stat... ... discusses a study that was performed in California and other States due to concerns about medical marijuana having an elicit effect of influencing young people and causing an increase in illegal marijuana use. The study showed that no abnormal increase was seen among people ages 16 to 25 following the legalization of medical marijuana. Wiwi, Amy Komoroski, and Nicole P. Crifo. "The Unintended Impact of New Jersey's New Medical Marijuana Law on the Workplace." Employee Relations Law Journal 36.1 (2010): 33-37. SPORTDiscus with Full Text. EBSCO. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. This article discusses the medical marijuana laws in New Jersey and offers suggestions to employers on how to address issues in the work place, such as failed drug testing and employee usage of marijuana. It also addresses the lack of consideration of employment in the drafting and passing of these laws.

New Productive Forms of Atomic Theory

Human understanding to the world of the minuscule atoms had changed over the passing of time. Several scientist physicists had almost devoted their entire life in order to achieve a better view to the building blocks of matter. Numerous persons had attained to be acknowledged by the Nobel Peace Price for Physics about this matter. Two of them were Erwin Schrà ¶dinger of Austria and Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac of the United Kindom. Their contributions, The Fundamental Idea of Wave Mechanics and the Theory of Electrons and Positrons respectively were accounted for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory.To know how atomic theory is related with wave mechanics, Schrà ¶dinger explained the different phenomenon attributed with waves. Mechanics of waves has a topic concerned with the change in the direction of light as it passes through several kinds of mediums or barriers. Schrà ¶dinger emphasized that the path of light rays can be predicted if we will consider two simple laws, they were the law of refraction by Snellius a few centuries ago and the law of reflection by Archimedes dated back 2,000 years ago. The two laws can simply be viewed with the use of convex and concave lenses which were present in the mechanism of a telescope and a camera. The occurrence of refraction was cited by Schrà ¶dinger as a result of Fermat’s principle.Fermat’s principle states that light propagates with different velocities in different mediums and the path of light visible to the human eye is the path that could quickly fetch the light particles to its destination (Schrà ¶dinger, 1933). If there is a need to refract and suppose the light intends not to refract, it would mean of a delay. Refraction happens when there is gradual change in the nature of medium. Schrà ¶dinger gave an example.The path that sunlight takes is earthward rather than the shorter straight path because light particles tend to take the â€Å"higher faster layers† to reach its destination more quickly. Refraction of the sun is observed when it is deep down in the horizon and it appears flattened. Refraction is commonly observed when viewing a straight object that is half part in one medium, say water and half part into another medium, say air. Schrà ¶dinger further explained it by comparing the phenomenon to a travel of soldiers in an unleveled terrain. The soldiers tend to take the not up hilled part so as they can travel at the least time possible.Fermat’s principle was then compared to the discovery of Hamilton that true mass point’s (components of matter) movement in forces field is governed by the same said principle. Hamilton principle does not suggestively states that the mass point chooses the quickest way, example would be in a planet revolving around the sun or a stone thrown in a body of water.   But the analogy of matter with the light’s tendency for shortest traveling time would still arise. After this observation, the proposition that matter has a wave property had then been revived since the time of Christiaan Huygens.The theory of Electrons and Positrons on the other hand supports the claim that matter is a particle. It states that matter is composed of various kinds of particles, the particle of the same kind exhibiting almost the same properties (Dirac, 1933). The classification of elementary particles present is still on debate. But a classification of the simpler kinds of particles was enumerated by Dirac. They were the photons or light-quanta, of which light is composed, the electrons and the positrons (which appear to be a sort of mirror image of the electrons, differing from them only in the sign of their electric charge), and the heavier particles – protons and neutrons.Dirac focused on the study of electrons and positrons because of various reasons. He emphasized that we must first consider how theory can give any data on the properties of elementary particles. General quan tum mechanics is used to describe the motion of a particle. However, it is only applicable to particles having small velocities.It is in here that the theory of relativity comes in with regards to particles having velocities comparable to the speed of light. As of today, introduction of relativistic quantum mechanics had yet pushed through (Pfeifer, 2004) which, according to Dirac, is needed to be applied in the observation of particles with arbitrary properties. That procedure would be successful in the case of electrons and positrons such as observing their spin properties (Dirac, 1933).To have a background about electron, it is a fundamental subatomic particle that carries a negative charge. It is found that an electron must actually have a high frequency oscillatory motion of small amplitude rather than the slow movement that have been thought of for the past. This oscillatory motion results to the velocity of an electron to be equal at any time to the velocity of light. This pr ediction cannot be proved by experiment as of Dirac’s time since the frequency of the oscillatory motion is said to be high while its amplitude is said to be so small. But one must still believe this matter since related topics such as the scattering of light by an electron are confirmed by an experiment that time.The positron, on the contrary, is the antimatter or antiparticle counterpart of electrons, as theorized by Dirac. It has the same mass but the opposite charge and spin as compared to electrons. Annihilation occurs when a low energy positron collides with a low energy electron, resulting in the production of two gamma ray photons (Dirac, 1933). This phenomenon about positron makes it prone to use in fictional stories of today.A proposal, coming from the said discoverer of positron, Carl D. Anderson suggested to change the name of electron to negatron and then later on change the use of electron as the generic term for both the positively and negatively charge subatom ic particles. But the move did not prosper.ImplicationsThe study about the minute atoms brought many beneficial effects to the human society. Going even deeper to the world of subatomic particles gave the modern society an edge to various fields.In industry, most common uses of Electron beams are in cathode ray tubes in television sets and computer monitors. Some other less known uses are in welding, lithography (practice of using beams to generate patterns on a surface), scanning electron microscopes (SEM) and transmission electron microscopes (TEM). Low energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) and Reflection High Energy Diffraction (RHEED) are also the most current innovations man had discovered to gain benefits to Electron Beams (Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia).In the laboratory, electron and scanning tunneling microscopes are used to study objects in the atomic scale. In medicine, radiation therapy makes use of electron beams for treatment of superficial tumors.There is a wide range of benefits subatomic particles give to us as of today. But the doubt of discovering something about them that could harm not only the humans but the whole living things in the world is still there. Positron, having the negative name of being antimatter, is now being fictionalized as something that could be used for mass destruction. Nonetheless, it is still in man’s judgment if he will use it or not against him and unto others.References:Pfeifer (2004). Relativistic Quantum Mechanics, an IntroductionRetrieved June 4, 2007, fromhttp://www.walterpfeifer.ch/relqm/index.htmlDirac (1933). Theory of electrons and positrons  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved June 4, 2007, from  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/dirac-lecture.pdfSchrà ¶dinger (1933). The fundamental idea of wave mechanics.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved June 4, 2007, from  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-lecture.pdfElectron. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved June 4, 2007, from  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron#_ref-griffiths_0Positron. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved June 4, 2007, from  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron New Productive Forms of Atomic Theory Human understanding to the world of the minuscule atoms had changed over the passing of time. Several scientist physicists had almost devoted their entire life in order to achieve a better view to the building blocks of matter. Numerous persons had attained to be acknowledged by the Nobel Peace Price for Physics about this matter. Two of them were Erwin Schrà ¶dinger of Austria and Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac of the United Kindom. Their contributions, The Fundamental Idea of Wave Mechanics and the Theory of Electrons and Positrons respectively were accounted for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory.  To know how atomic theory is related with wave mechanics, Schrà ¶dinger explained the different phenomenon attributed with waves. Mechanics of waves has a topic concerned with the change in the direction of light as it passes through several kinds of mediums or barriers. Schrà ¶dinger emphasized that the path of light rays can be predicted if we will consider two sim ple laws, they were the law of refraction by Snellius a few centuries ago and the law of reflection by Archimedes dated back 2,000 years ago. The two laws can simply be viewed with the use of convex and concave lenses which were present in the mechanism of a telescope and a camera. The occurrence of refraction was cited by Schrà ¶dinger as a result of Fermat’s principle.Fermat’s principle states that light propagates with different velocities in different mediums and the path of light visible to the human eye is the path that could quickly fetch the light particles to its destination (Schrà ¶dinger, 1933). If there is a need to refract and suppose the light intends not to refract, it would mean of a delay. Refraction happens when there is gradual change in the nature of medium. Schrà ¶dinger gave an example. The path that sunlight takes is earthward rather than the shorter straight path because light particles tend to take the â€Å"higher faster layers† to r each its destination more quickly.Refraction of the sun is observed when it is deep down in the horizon and it appears flattened. Refraction is commonly observed when viewing a straight object that is half part in one medium, say water and half part into another medium, say air. Schrà ¶dinger further explained it by comparing the phenomenon to a travel of soldiers in an unleveled terrain. The soldiers tend to take the not up hilled part so as they can travel at the least time possible.Fermat’s principle was then compared to the discovery of Hamilton that true mass point’s (components of matter) movement in forces field is governed by the same said principle. Hamilton principle does not suggestively states that the mass point chooses the quickest way, example would be in a planet revolving around the sun or a stone thrown in a body of water.   But the analogy of matter with the light’s tendency for shortest traveling time would still arise. After this observat ion, the proposition that matter has a wave property had then been revived since the time of Christiaan Huygens.The theory of Electrons and Positrons on the other hand supports the claim that matter is a particle. It states that matter is composed of various kinds of particles, the particle of the same kind exhibiting almost the same properties (Dirac, 1933). The classification of elementary particles present is still on debate. But a classification of the simpler kinds of particles was enumerated by Dirac. They were the photons or light-quanta, of which light is composed, the electrons and the positrons (which appear to be a sort of mirror image of the electrons, differing from them only in the sign of their electric charge), and the heavier particles – protons and neutrons.Dirac focused on the study of electrons and positrons because of various reasons. He emphasized that we must first consider how theory can give any data on the properties of elementary particles. General quantum mechanics is used to describe the motion of a particle. However, it is only applicable to particles having small velocities. It is in here that the theory of relativity comes in with regards to particles having velocities comparable to the speed of light. As of today, introduction of relativistic quantum mechanics had yet pushed through (Pfeifer, 2004) which, according to Dirac, is needed to be applied in the observation of particles with arbitrary properties. That procedure would be successful in the case of electrons and positrons such as observing their spin properties (Dirac, 1933).To have a background about electron, it is a fundamental subatomic particle that carries a negative charge. It is found that an electron must actually have a high frequency oscillatory motion of small amplitude rather than the slow movement that have been thought of for the past. This oscillatory motion results to the velocity of an electron to be equal at any time to the velocity of light. Th is prediction cannot be proved by experiment as of Dirac’s time since the frequency of the oscillatory motion is said to be high while its amplitude is said to be so small. But one must still believe this matter since related topics such as the scattering of light by an electron are confirmed by an experiment that time.The positron, on the contrary, is the antimatter or antiparticle counterpart of electrons, as theorized by Dirac. It has the same mass but the opposite charge and spin as compared to electrons. Annihilation occurs when a low energy positron collides with a low energy electron, resulting in the production of two gamma ray photons (Dirac, 1933). This phenomenon about positron makes it prone to use in fictional stories of today.A proposal, coming from the said discoverer of positron, Carl D. Anderson suggested to change the name of electron to negatron and then later on change the use of electron as the generic term for both the positively and negatively charge su batomic particles. But the move did not prosper.ImplicationsThe study about the minute atoms brought many beneficial effects to the human society. Going even deeper to the world of subatomic particles gave the modern society an edge to various fields.In industry, most common uses of Electron beams are in cathode ray tubes in television sets and computer monitors. Some other less known uses are in welding, lithography (practice of using beams to generate patterns on a surface), scanning electron microscopes (SEM) and transmission electron microscopes (TEM). Low energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) and Reflection High Energy Diffraction (RHEED) are also the most current innovations man had discovered to gain benefits to Electron Beams (Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia).In the laboratory, electron and scanning tunneling microscopes are used to study objects in the atomic scale. In medicine, radiation therapy makes use of electron beams for treatment of superficial tumors.There is a wide range of benefits subatomic particles give to us as of today. But the doubt of discovering something about them that could harm not only the humans but the whole living things in the world is still there. Positron, having the negative name of being antimatter, is now being fictionalized as something that could be used for mass destruction. Nonetheless, it is still in man’s judgment if he will use it or not against him and unto others.References:Pfeifer (2004). Relativistic Quantum Mechanics, an Introduction  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved June 4, 2007, from  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.walterpfeifer.ch/relqm/index.htmlDirac (1933). Theory of electrons and positrons  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved June 4, 2007, from  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/dirac-lecture.pdfSchrà ¶dinger (1933). The fundamental idea of wave mechanics.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved June 4, 2007, from  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-lecture.pdfElectron. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved June 4, 2007, from  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron#_ref-griffiths_0Positron. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved June 4, 2007, from  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron