City Of Joy: A film analysis Essay

What happens when everything you’ve ever known seems to be a lie? When everything you’ve worked so hard for in your life seems to come crashing down on you, who do you turn to? You need to find yourself, to re-evaluate your priorities. What better place to do that than in The City Of Joy. The movie The City Of Joy is about a wealthy American doctor named Max Lowe. After he lost a patient on the operating table, Max spontaneously decides to leave America and travel to India in the hope of â€Å"finding himself.† Not long after he arrives in Calcutta, Max is attacked by a group of thugs and left without money or a passport. An Indian man named Hasari comes to Max’s rescue. Hasari had left his farming community to come to the city, only to be overwhelmed by its dirt, crime, and overcrowding. Despite their poverty, Hasari and his family take Max in and bring him to a medical clinic in the City of Joy, one of the poorest slums in the city. Max is brought to the clinic run by Joan Bethel, an Irish-American nun. When Joan discovers that Max is a doctor, she pleads with him to join her in running the clinic. Max declines, claiming he is a â€Å"non-practicing† surgeon. After an unplanned baby delivery for a woman whose baby is jeopardized, Max begins to see things in a new light. He signs on to help at the clinic, and his attitude about India’s citizens and its way of life changes drastically. The relationships in this movie are very moving. Hasari runs his rickshaw through a monsoon to provide for his daughter’s dowry, while Max defies the local godfather by staying in India to be with his friends and patients. Joan gives freely of herself to the patients in her clinic, day in and day out. By the end of the movie, the relationships established in this movie are unselfish, giving and stable. I really enjoyed discovering all the meaningful relationships being developed throughout the movie. Max and Hasari went through shaky times in order to develop their complete confidence in each other. Joan went from thinking of Max as a selfish boar, to appreciating him and seeing him as a comrade.  Through it all, the relationships made seem strong enough that the persons involved would risk life and limb to keep their relationships intact. I think this is where the beauty of the film lies; in it’s intricate relationships between the characters. Throughout the course of the film, the audience is exposed to the poor living conditions in India, the filth, the crime, and the poverty. At first glance, it would seem that India would not be a very suitable place to live, the smiles of the young children playing abou in the street seem to say different. This movie shows both sides of India, the good and the bad. Although the living conditions are poor, the spirits of the Indian people are high. It’s amazing to see that even in a city so poor, there is still joy to be found. The people of India do not have all the modern conveniences we have in our western society, and yet, they are happier than we are. It really makes us have to stop and appreciate all the things we have, and at the same time, we need to realize that our happiness is not measured by our material possessions. I think there is room for everyone to visit The City Of Joy.

Spheres in Scarlet Letter

It was once said that â€Å"the only living societies are those which are animated by inequality and injustice. † A man named Paul Claudel wrote this in his work, Conversations dans le Loir-et-Cher, and he criticizes the ability to have a functional society. Societies are meant to organize the values of people into a system with uniform laws and expectations; however, societies can never fully achieve this. Claudel only sees societies with dysfunctional characteristics like inequality and injustice. There are always exceptions to the social order because all people are individuals with different life experiences that help define who they are. Nathaniel Hawthorne also criticizes the Utopian ideals that societies often hold in his novel, The Scarlet Letter. The main character, Hester goes astray from the rules of her Puritan town and must wear a scarlet letter on her chest to declare her sin. The scarlet letter isolates Hester from the pressures to conform to society, giving her the opportunity to find her individualistic moral perspective in life and she shares this revelation with Dimmesdale. Hawthorne conveys this concept of individualism through the motif of spheres. Initially, Hawthorne conveys Hester’s isolation from society which is brought on by the scarlet letter, by putting her in her own sphere. The most noticeable feature of Hester as she exits the prison is the elaborate scarlet letter that is embroidered on her chest. Immediately, Hawthorne mentions that the letter â€Å"[takes Hester] out of the ordinary relations with humanity and [encloses] her in a sphere by herself† (46). The language here shows the isolation brought on by the letter because Hester no longer has the same relations with humanity, which in this case signifies the uniform Puritan society. Her interactions with others are altered now that she is by herself. The letter puts Hester in a different world, away from that of society and causes her to be alone. Even people that do not understand the reason for Hester’s isolation participate in it. The children of the town only understand that Hester is â€Å"shut out from the sphere of human charities,† but they do not know why and yet when they see â€Å"the scarlet letter on her breast, [they] scamper off with a strange contagious fear† (72). This furthers the idea that Hester is completely ostracized from society because even those that are naive of the letter’s meaning will not accept her. Hawthorne illustrates the isolation Hester experiences, as a result of wearing the scarlet letter, with the symbol of the sphere. Along with the negative aspects of isolation, Hester realizes that being in her own sphere takes away many societal pressures to conform to a set of beliefs. When Hester starts to come back in contact with society, she still feels as if she does not belong. Hester feels that all contact she has with others demonstrates that she is â€Å"as much alone as if she inhabit[s] another sphere† (74). Even though she is physically in contact with others, Hester is still alone. She no longer has to conform to the beliefs of her Puritan town because she â€Å"communicate[s] with the common nature† in different ways than â€Å"the rest of human kind† (74). Because she is isolated, Hester â€Å"[stands] apart from [society’s] moral interests, yet close beside them,† meaning she can take a step back to look at the views of the majority, but she has the option to make her own choices (74). Even though she feels separated from society, Hester can still feel the influence of its beliefs. This idea is also illustrated with the location of Hester’s cottage. The cottage is on the outskirts of the town, yet still within its limits and this parallels the influence that society has on Hester. The remoteness of the cottage â€Å"put it out of the sphere of social activity,† yet Hester still had to go into town to sustain herself with supplies. Therefore, just as the cottage keeps Hester at a distance from the town, the letter takes her away from many pressures to conform to the values of society. Hester sees that the accepted beliefs and morals of society are not the only options as a result of being isolated from the sphere of their influence, due to the scarlet letter she wears. Hester’s isolation and realization that she does not have to follow society, give her a new perspective on the beliefs of individuals and she shares this with Dimmesdale. Hawthorne conveys this through their temporary coexistence in the same sphere. Through her isolation, Hester realizes that individuals can have their own belief systems away from those of society and uses this to find peace with her sin. Dimmesdale however, never experiences public shame or isolation and struggles to find peace with his sin. He does not see leaving the town as an option like Hester does because he feels that â€Å"Providence hath placed† him in a specific â€Å"sphere† where he needs to live out his â€Å"earthly existence† and he has no choice in the matter (180). Dimmesdale does not see that there are other options besides those of society, but Hester exposes him to this idea. While they are in the forest together, she gives him a new perspective to consider; that the ways of society do not always work for everyone. At the time when both Hester and Dimmesdale can see things from this perspective, â€Å"they [feel] themselves, [†¦] inhabitants of the same sphere† (173). They are in the sphere together because even though they may not possess the same moral values in the end, at this time they both understand that they have options apart from societal beliefs. Even though they both have the same perspective they have to pursue their separate spheres in distinct ways. As Dimmesdale walks home â€Å"his inner man [gives] him [†¦] evidences of a revolution in the sphere of thought and feeling,† indicating the changes already taking place from what Hester instilled in him (198). The revolution in Dimmesdale’s thoughts and feelings takes place because Hester enlightens him to the idea of individual belief systems. He sees things in a whole new way with many more possibilities now that he can choose for himself what he wants to believe. He clearly undergoes a â€Å"total change of dynasty and moral code† due to the ideas Hester exposes to him in the forest. Both Hester and Dimmesdale see new possibilities in individual beliefs due to Hester’s isolation and realization that society’s beliefs are not perfect. Although both Hester and Dimmesdale learn that individuals can have their own belief systems through Hester’s isolation and relief from the pressures of society, they must ultimately find their own individual spheres. After being exposed to a new perspective by Hester, Dimmesdale has time to think and realizes that he is not the same as her. Dimmesdale knows that they can not reside in the same sphere and Hester, too, realizes this at the procession. As Dimmesdale walks by, Hester understands that he is â€Å"remote from her own sphere, and utterly beyond her reach† (218). Hester hoped that her influence over Dimmesdale when she enlightened him would continue on in his decisions and they would reside in a sphere together, but this was not the case. Just as Hester needed to find her place apart from the influence of others, Dimmesdale did as well. In order to find peace, Dimmesdale needed to find his own moral code and sphere and when he did, he reached â€Å"an epoch of life more brilliant and full of triumph than any previous one, or than any which could hereafter be† (227). This great success that comes from finding his own sphere shows how strongly Hawthorne believes in the individual and the pathway to get to individualism. Dimmesdale can not be any more at peace with his life than he is when he discovers his individualized moral system. Hawthorne also shows his support for individualism when he breaks the forth wall and speaks directly to the reader. He says the only thing to be learned from the minister’s experience is to â€Å"be true! Be true! Be true! Show freely to the world if not your worst, yet some trait whereby your worst may be inferred† (236). With this, Hawthorne wants people to find peace within themselves and says they need to expose themselves fully to the world to do so. In the novel, Hester experiences public shame and shows it freely to the world whereas Dimmesdale keeps his sin hidden. That is why Hester is able to be at a better peace with herself and her sin whereas Dimmesdale’s fate is to only be peaceful in death. There can be no set sphere for all of society because of different life experiences. Hester and Dimmesdale both find separate, individualized belief systems, apart from those of society, due to the public shame and isolation Hester experiences wearing the scarlet letter. Hawthorne uses the motif of spheres to convey the message that society can not meet the needs of all individuals. The spheres in the novel never function properly when they attempt to envelop the moral perspectives of more than one person. Society tries to only have one uniform set of beliefs for all, but this is unsuccessful because everyone has their own thoughts and feelings based upon experience. Just as Claudel said, the only way societies can exist is with flaws; Utopian and Puritan ideals are unattainable. Hawthorne values individualism and the differences between all people.

Sop communication engineering

The heart of human excellence often begins to beat when you discover a pursuit that absorbs you, challenges you and gives you a sense of meaning, joy and passion. I have found that one thing that helps me to live peacefully on this glorious planet is â€Å"successful engagement in meaningful work† keeping in my mind where my hands are. An intrepid dream by the Wright brothers to give the humankind wings to fly, an intrepid dream by few thoughtful men to let the human race take the first step on the moon.I think hat it is the gift to dream, the ability to ponder beyond facts and the intelligence to make thoughts into reality that sets us apart from the rest in the tree of evolution. From the wheel to pacemaker, history is replete with events where a simple, yet brilliant idea has changed the way future generations live for decades, and even countries. I believe in seeing dreams and giving my best to realize those dreams that will be a step forward in the betterment of the human race.Dreams are what made the world, what it is today. In an era of competition and excellence, engineering has taken strides which our forefathers never even dreamt of. To be an excellent instrument for the development of our world we must be educated, cultured, refined and thoughtful. Knowledge is what elevates man to a disciplined being. To be an erudite is not only about possessing education but also having skill to implement it in a practical world.An aspiration to become a pioneer in the field of Electronics prevailed right from my childhood. The desire of gaining in-depth knowledge and my enthusiasm and curiosity to understand the mechanics of electronic devices and about communication systems led me to hose Electronics and Communication engineering as my undergraduate study. During my undergraduate studies, lectures delivered by eminent people who are leaders in their field exposed me to the needs and aspirations of the industry. Id my summer in-plant training in Airports A uthority of India, where I was engaged in learning various functional aspects of security and communication equipments such as X-ray baggage Inspection System (SIBS) and CATV camera used for surveillance purpose. During my third year of undergraduate study had the opportunity to visit Doorman's Achaean, which is the Indian's largest public broadcaster. Had a great experience working with the technicians in this platform where I had a thorough knowledge about the working mechanism in Production control room, Master control room, earth station and transmission process.To implement practically what had learnt in my three years of undergraduate study, I did my final year project which is about â€Å"Implementation Of tamper proof ATM and weapon identification system. † Looting money, ATM robbery/ burglars damaging the money vending machines have become common. So, n order to save the lives of common people I had used a vibration sensor and inductive proximity sensor which will al ert the cops using a RFC transceiver.Hence, this is an added protection to ATM itself. In addition to the above projects, I am currently pursuing a course on â€Å"CAN (Switching and Routing)† that validates the ability to install, configure, operate and troubleshoot medium-size routed and switched networks. I believe this course is supportive for any communication engineer to know more in depth about NETWORKING and also hope that this course will be beneficial for me to attain an internship experience in your laboratory.To further my knowledge in the field of Communication Systems, I wish to pursue my higher studies and excel in a graduate school that stands for high quality teaching and infrastructure which could help me realize my goal of becoming a lead engineer in the field of communication systems. Nanning Technological University (ANTI) is likely to provide me just that through its Communication Engineering program. The course listings under this program with subjects such as Digital communication systems, Optical fiber communications,Computer networks, Antennas and propagation for wireless systems and all other courses provides me a great platform to further my ideas. This knowledge shall help me in design an effective, efficient and safe system, play a significant role in long-term planning and help me to become a successful communication engineer. I strongly believe .NET is the place that provides the path towards my destination. NUT has one of the topmost ranked graduate programs in Communication Engineering in terms of experienced faculty and state-of-the-art infrastructure and research facilities.

The Totality of the Operations in All Aspect of the Business Research Paper

The Totality of the Operations in All Aspect of the Business - Research Paper Example This term was defined as the concepts guiding the business with the purpose of highlighting the information’ types which were exactly needed and included in the top management as classified in their activities. The information system of the organization may need the selection and focus on the success of the provision of such factors definitely significant in achieving the success of the organization. The focus of the concept is to give the method of outlining providing the information to the levels of top management of the said organization according to the identification of the success factors and ensuring the results with competitive performance to be successful for the individual and organization. As the primary characterization with the outline, the successful organizations may support the process of planning including the communications with the information’s role in terms of technology with the top management. Many factors are absolutely involved to support the pr ocess of planning like for instance the communication process, the role of technological information and the investment decisions in order to assist the information technology. The other factor that may be considered is the understanding and focus of attention for the provision of help to the organization’s success and process of analysis as well as the structural promotion in which the performance of measurement is either qualitative or rather quantitative in nature and the method may be based on the discussion of such a process with goals of the organization including the managers.

The Idea of Social Networking Literature review

The Idea of Social Networking - Literature review Example What is most important to understand is the fact that electronic commerce is now starting to emerge into an entirely new way. The Google Adsense, Craiglist.com has made the advertising cheaper and readily reachable to the targeted audience. The idea of social networking1 added much to this concept as now marketers are targeting such social networking communities to derive strong word of mouth for the products and services they offer. Therefore social networking coupled with electronic commerce not provided an opportunity to meet and broaden the social network of individuals but marketers also tapped a new avenue for marketing the products and services in much unique and effective way. As discussed above that social network are groups who share common characteristics and are willing to formulate common platforms which help them to discuss and share their interests, attitudes, likings, disliking, professional information etc. However, what is critical is the fact that social networks have now emerged in a much broader sense. Information technology has broadened the scope and depth of such networks by providing a cheap alternative to meeting electronically. As a result, not only ordinary social networks such as Facebook emerged but professional social networks have been developed too where professional belonging to the same profession often discuss their ideas and information. While discussing social networking, it is also important to discuss social software, a new word which is re-defining how people tend to meet. Social software has been defined as a set of social tools which allow its users to create, support, manage as well as discover interpersonal relationships. (Teten & Allen, 2005). In an essence, therefore, social software provides an opportunity to support the conversation between the members or groups, create and support the social feedback received during that conversation and finally help the emergence of social networks. This can be achieved either through the formation of personal websites, online forums, instant messengers such as MSN and Yahoo, creating blogs or finally websites such as facebook, myspace etc. Castells define a network society as a society "whose social structure is made of networks powered by microelectronics-based information and communication technologies" (Manuel. Castells, 2004). This very definition hints towards how the information flows with the help of new technologies and subsequently helps to formulate societies which share particular traits or characteristics. One of the commonest characteristics is the use of information technology to get connected with each other. Viewing in that perspective, social networking may also be described as the potential network or electronic societies which allow people to formulate groups that share common characteristics. Â  

Conflict management in organizations Research Paper

Conflict management in organizations - Research Paper Example Attorneys attempt to reach an agreement on a lawsuit. An association of gasoline stations may attempt to reach an agreement on the price of gasoline. Negotiation is part of life (Fisher, 2011). A. Statement of Issue There are a variety of conflict management strategies which may be applied. One may try to force an individual or a group. This entails the application of authority or power to unilaterally satisfy the concerns of one of the parties involved. Accommodation is another option, completely satisfying the other party involved without fulfilling the needs of the opposing party. Avoidance tactics which are not acknowledging the conflict or the other parties involved. Compromising which entails finding a solution which is pleasing to both parties. Collaborating which is agreeing with the other party and trying to find a way for both parties to win (Wright.edu). Conflicts are usually the result of the following elements: Deficiency in communication. The direction or the quantity o f resources is not considered satisfactory. Personality clashes. Administrative problems (managementhelp.org). Conflicts may result in negative perceptions of the other party (mindtools.com). Frictions between groups or teams is natural and part of industrial relationships (Murray, 1974). In applying the Five factor Matrix of personality and the demand control matrix of the work environment as a reference point, those with more demanding employment positions were more prone to conflicts with those with less demanding employment positions (Sutin & Costa, 2010). Conflicts may occur in modern day work environments due to chronic fatigue syndrome. There is a relationship with regards... This research will begin with the statement that conflicts may be described as a disagreement or test of will between two individuals or groups with differing desires, concepts, perceptions, values, and objectives. The conflict may increase and lead to a non desired outcome or it may be peacefully resolved and lead to the desired outcome. Learning to administrate conflicts is of tantamount significance to a team or group which produces a high output. No one really looks for conflict; conflict may be an outcome of lack of communication or faulty communication between individuals or groups. With regards to desires, concepts, perceptions, values, and objectives. Conflict management is the concept which all conflicts may not come to a resolution without mediation. Administration of the conflict and the desires, concepts, and perceptions of those involved may maximize the risk of an undesired outcome. Whether we like it or not, negotiation is an everyday occurrence. One may plead with man agers for improved conditions in the workplace. One may attempt to bargain with an individual or group, for anything from a newspaper to a newspaper advertisement selling a vehicle or a home. Attorneys attempt to reach an agreement on a lawsuit. An association of gasoline stations may attempt to reach an agreement on the price of gasoline. Negotiation is part of life.  Conflicts are natural and inevitable. When teams are composed, the variations in individual power, values, perceptions, desires, and attitudes will increase the possibility of conflict.  

What do you think is the most significant change in correctional Essay - 2

What do you think is the most significant change in correctional policy in the last 100 year and why important - Essay Example Violators of social norms, rights and freedom are referred to as offenders. The correctional policy is designed to address the resultant conflict that emerges when the justice system is jeopardized by individuals or groups of people. One of the significant changes that have been realized in the correctional policy is the embracement of the fact that offenders have rights. In the early stages of the implementation of the policy, the rights and freedoms of individuals subjected to the policy were often curtailed and therefore not observed. However, over the years, the fact that the offenders have rights too have been upheld, leading to from time to time reforms that account for the welfare of both the offenders and the community prior to the interests of the policy. Secondly, the policy has evaluated and assessed punishment mechanisms in a bid to realize the required corrections. In this regard, diversity and dynamism in modes and mechanisms of punishments have been adopted over the years. While strict and specific procedures of corrections were employed in the earlier years of the practice of the policy, reforms, rehabilitation, reintegration and restraint are common in the policy today (Roberts & Springer 32). On the same note, the policy’s diversity has made it possible for its practice to encompass alternative programs that ease pressure in correctional facilities. Sentencing guidelines prior to the desired goals and objectives of the correctional policy have significantly changed over the last 100 years. Uniformity and proportionality are the two primary aspects that have characterized this change (Cole & Smith 495). Offenses of the same or similar magnitude are critically matched to carry the same sentences, as provided for by the policy. With regard to proportionality, the policy differentiates between offences and

Cross-Cultural Management Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cross-Cultural Management Report - Assignment Example The report is a step by step guideline on the influence that cultures have on the development and completion of projects. It follows research that looks at a case study of six Brazilian international companies. Projects from these six companies have different outcomes across continents, and the impact of different cultures on them are analyzed. In the end, the report emphasizes the importance of multi-cultural understanding and integration that ensures the success of projects. It also wraps up in an explanation of the reasons why it is important to know how to manage people from different cultures. It cites that globalization of companies is a norm in the present day business world (Holden, 2002). The research paper, a study on Brazilian Multinationals, and the cultural challenges they face in managing global projects, looks into the internationalization of Brazilian companies. This growth in the company depends on the need to manage multicultural teams. The biggest challenge in the literature study of this topic of development is the lack of theoretical development in this field. It is a new phenomenon that is growing at a very high rate and has caught many researchers by surprise, giving them very little time to study multicultural influences on projects. The research looks at the relationship between management of project teams and the characteristics of different cultures across the globe. It evaluates the role of managers in hiring and the planning, development, and deployment of projects on an international scale. It also looks at the major challenges facing six Multinational companies in their endeavors to achieve success in the international arena. The researcher choo ses Brazil because it is a developing country (Rodrigues, 2012). Developing countries had no Foreign Direct Investment before 1980 and were known to deal locally in all their business ventures. However, there has been a significant change in this trend, to the extent where

The Implications of the Human Genome Project Essay

The Implications of the Human Genome Project - Essay Example The only current instrument in effect that discusses both the human genome and international human rights is the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights (Declaration)† (Tauer, 2001). This declaration looks at the rights of people in the project, the duties of nations to cooperate, and the protection of genetic information revealed by the project itself. People want to protect their privacy on the one hand, but on the other hand the HGP can lead to a new future in which there is more implementation. As with many bioethics issues, there is a degree of controversy to the human genome projet. On the potentially positive side, the HGP can help doctors and scientists to better predict and avoid genetic disorders. It is the assumption that in the future genetic disorders from cerebral palsy to bipolar disorder will be able to be seen through genetic through genetics research such as the HGP. This involves complex and interwoven factors of psychiatric and physical genetic disorders, genetic susceptibility, research ethics, and other points to consider. â€Å"The growth in knowledge resulting from the mapping of the human genome sequence has enabled life science researchers to better understand the function of genes and discover the genetic basis for health and disease, ultimately resulting in th development of new and highly effective drug therapies and treatments† (Human, 2004). However, there is also a shadowy side that have many worried about the future. It is important when looking at the HGP to link the concept of genetic disorders and genetic susceptibility to research ethics by highlighting the ethical problems that may come up in presenting data to family members and patients regarding their susceptibility to genetically predisposed problems. It may be suggested that in the future researchers will have to address these issues more concretely. In the future as susceptibility genes are

Music of Latin America # 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music of Latin America # 4 - Essay Example itional instruments used for all their shamanistic rituals are the violin (sekeseke) drums (ehuru) deer- bone flute (muhusemoi) and huge rattle called ‘hebu mataro’ which is considered to be the most important of them. The spiritual significance of these instruments especially the rattle is to restore health to a very sick person. Ceremonial songs considered to be magical are sung by religious leaders and elders signify protection and healing. The Warao lullabies are melodic rhythmic patterns which signify their cultural beliefs and way of life. These songs are very important to teach their children the Warao culture and tradition and make them more familiar to their environment. One of the traditional Shamanistic rituals in Warao is wailing of women when someone dies. During this ritual, the corpse is placed in a hammock and a mourner sits beside it. The other mourners radiate from this point around the body and start wailing in a semi – spoken and semi- musical voices. (Briggs, Charles L. 1993) They lament about fate wailing and singing alternately. Almost about 20 women wail simultaneously and this could go on for a period of about 30 to 40 minutes and the entire experience is a cacophony because it is not done together. (Briggs, 1992b) The musical culture of the Warao tribes living in the Orinoco Basin developed and took shape as they travelled through the rainforests for their work. The songs were made up on the spot and comprised mostly of important occurrences and incidents in their lives. Many of their songs were religious in nature as they invoked the blessings of the spirits. They had separate songs for every occasion. They had songs for births, lullabies, dances, cutting down trees, deaths, coming of age, marriage, healing and protection and also for the election of their political and religious leaders. Shamanism seems to be the centrifugal point around which the musical culture of the Warao’s revolves. Music finds its way into every aspect

Economic Change Effect Frauds Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Economic Change Effect Frauds - Research Paper Example The enormous preponderance of fraudsters gets an action to hide their crimes. Consequently, several frauds might not at all be trapped. Other strategies might be committed for years previous to they are exposed. In addition to, still amid those that are noticed, a great figure of cases would never be accounted, permitting them to stay concealed from the public eye. Therefore, no precise calculation of the height of fraud throughout the contemporary recession could subsist. However, examining the relationship between frauds along with a diluted economy is an important attempt. To obtain a pulsation on how the economy is touching fraud tendencies, the ACFE left to the professionals who are in the ditches hostility fraud on an everyday basis. By reviewing anti-fraud experts about their knowledge and explanation, we expect to increase the number of imminent into the association between economic downswings and misleading action (Galbraith 2004). Evaluation The height of fraud has enhanced given that the starting of the economic disaster. We inquired peoples to contrast the stage of fraud they meet up throughout the 12 months previous the review (from near the beginning 2008 throughout early on 2009) to the figure of frauds they have seen or practiced in former years. Through recognizing alterations in the stage of seen deceptive action all through this age, we could collect a wide vision of the connection between the contemporary economic recession as well as executive offense (Galbraith 2004). To assist measure the degree of several seen alter, we subdivided the height of fraud into two metrics: numeral of cases and monetary shock. In addition, 49% seen an enhancement in the dollar sum lost to fraud throughout the similar era. At the same time as it is too quickly to obtain a obvious image of precisely how much fraud has started because the creation of the contemporary economic bend, the facts supplied by review individuals (particula rly when joined with the deliberation of how much fraud has not up till now been noticed) offers the first-class sign that fraud is certainly on the mount.

Microbiology Essay Example for Free

Microbiology Essay 1.List five environments where you are likely to find microbial growth: Lakes, soil, oceans, tundras, deserts 2.How do microbes contribute to soil fertility? The decomposition that microbes take part in help release mineral nutrients, such as potassium and nitrogen, from dead organic matter and allowing primary producers the nutritional access. They also produce CO2 and CH4 to release into the soil and atmosphere. 3.Describe the growth you observed in each of your samples: Soil: I chose an area of soil outside of my apartment to do my soil sample. I noticed that there were a few prominent growth in this dish. The majority of them seemed to grow in a snowflake shape and were mainly white. Whether they were different types of microbes or just one, I am not sure. There was one growth that had a black center and a white border that was shaped like a snowflake. Air: I left the dish uncovered in my kitchen and the growth was interesting. I noticed that there were three distinct microbial growths that were prominent along with a small smattering of white along the petri dish. There was one growth that was a dark grey colour with a mottled appearance, another that was a white colour with a mottled appearance, and finally one that was a tan colour with a bubbly appearance. Water: There is a small and very stale pond near my house that I took the water sample from. This was by far the most disgusting of the three observations. The growth I observed looked like a very dark Picasso painting. There was a black coloured colony that had a fuzzy appearance, there was a dark green coloured colony that looked wrinkled and somewhat mottled, there was a colony with a black center and white surrounding it with a wispy appearance, and there was a white colony with a very feathery appearance. 4.What were the differences between the growths in each plate? The similarities? The differences in the growth plates is that each of the three environments had their own bacteria that were specific to it. It seems as if the water sample had the most growth due to the fact that it was continually exposed to the elements and people. The soil one seemed as if it may have some fungal microbes due to the snowflake like appearance. There were similarities between the soil plate and the water plate. It could be that the droplets from the water reached the soil area and that their microbes could be colonizing there. I saw no similarities between the air plate and any of the other two. 5.What is the difference between and autotroph and a heterotroph? The difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph is that an autotroph is capable of deriving its energy from light using photosynthesis or he oxidation of reduced organic or inorganic molecules. Heterotrophs are not able to produce heir own food and are required to feed on other organisms in order to obtain their energy. 6.Define the following terms: Photoautotroph – Capable of using ligh as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source Photoheterotroph- Uses light as an energy source and reduced organic compounds as a carbon source Chemoautotroph- Uses inorganic chemicals as an energy source and CO2 as a principal carbon source Chemoheterotroph- Uses organic compounds as an energy source as well as a principal carbon source 7.What is nitrogen fixation? What role do microbes serve? Nitrogen fixation is a process where atmospheric nitrogen is converted into a useable form of nitrogen (ammonia). Microbes serve a role in nitrogn fixation because they are the only organisms capable of performing this process. 8.Define the following terms: Hyphae- Tube like structures with a rigid cell wall that protects the cell membrane Mycelium- A structure that is composed of intertwined thread-like hyphae. This is the primary structural component of the fungi buried in thhe soil/organic matter that the fungus is living on Septate- Also known as cross-walls, they divide the hyphae into sections giving them the possibility of containing more than one nucleus in addition to the usual organelles found in these cells. 9.What type of morphological features were you able to see in your fungal wet mounts? In your stained preparations? In the wet mount, it was very obvious that the organisms growing on the food were of fungal origins. There was a network of hyphae that was branching out and tangled up around the slide. In the stained preparations, I could see the individual sections that are divided by the septae. Within these sections, if you went up to a higher powered lens, you could see dark little spots which I am assuming are the nuclei. I also saw that there were tiny little buds that were present throughout the hyphae tangle. 10.List the four main classifications of fungi and describe each group Chytridiomycota- The smallest and simplest fungi. They are considered the ancestors of modern fungi and are primarily aquatic organisms. The majority are decomposeres but come can be plant pathogens. Zygomycota- Mostly terrestrial fungi that live in soil or decaying plant and animal matter. They are mainly parasites of plants, insects, and animals. Ascomycota- The largest and most diverse group of fungi that includes the fungal element of lichen and many edible fungi (morels and truffles). Basidiomycota- Producers of spores on a stick or club-like structures and are known as club fungi. Some club fungi are edible but the majority are poisonous. 11.What fungi would you find in the group Deuteromycota? Deuteromycota has fungi that have lost the ability to reproduce sexually. 12.What is a lichen? Lichens are the symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an algae where the fungus is usually an ascomycete and the algae is usually a cyanobacteria. The fungal partner cant grow without the algae. 13.Define the following terms: Parasite- An organism that lives off of another living organism without killing or helping the host organism in any way. Saprobe- An organism that uses dead organic matter as a food source. Mutualistic Organism- Organisms that live in close association with another type of organism in a mutually beneficial relationship such as lichens. 14.What are the five common features of fungi? Fungi are heterotrophs and depend on other organisms as a carbon source. The structure of fungi is generally found as a unicellular fungi or as a mycelium. Most fungi have cell walls that are primarily composed of chitin. Fungi acquire their food through absorption which and transport their nutrients from substrate directly through their cell walls. Most fungi reproduce through sexual and asexual routes. Which route is used is determined by the environmental conditions. Describe the growth on each of your substrates, what were the similarities? The differences? I chose bread, a strawberry, a slice of tomato, and a square of cheese as my growing substrates. The similarities amongst them was in the general appearance of the mold. Each specimen had mold that was fuzz in appearance and seemed to branch away from a central location and spread throughout the food. A white colour was seen in each of the specimens as well. However, the bread mold had black in it as well as the white which makes me believe that it has different fungi that prefer bread to the other foods. The cheese, strawberry, and tomato all had white fuzzy mold on it. The cheeses mold was more dispersed throughout the food in a random pattern. The strawberry and the tomato mold looked very similar to one another and grew rather aggressively and covered the whole specimen.

Importance Of Wellness Programme In Organization

Importance Of Wellness Programme In Organization Unhealthy diet and lack of regular physical activity caused several bad health outcomes among employees, such as heart disease, stroke, cancer and other chronic disease (Harris Fries, 2002). According to Conlin (2007) the insurance premium and absenteeism by sick workers cost businesses $15 billion a year in United States (as cited in Scarborough, Wilson Zimmerer, 2009). Besides that, about 70% of organizations health care costs were arising from preventable chronic diseases. According to Fries, Koop, Beadle, Cooper, England, Greaves, Sokolov, and Wright (1993) preventing employees chronicle illness is the best solution for reducing organizations health care cost. According to Quintiliani, Sattelmair, and Sorensen (2007) worksite has been recognizes globally as an appropriate setting to promote wellness programme. Stokols, Pelletier Fielding (1996) also suggested that worksites wellness programme could influence employees healthy behaviour. Through direct effort health education and increasing the availability of healthy foods and opportunities for physical activity; or indirectly through social support and social norms promoting health behaviours (Sorensen, 2002). Worksites wellness programmes were also a useful way of promoting a healthy diet and frequently physical activities to employees (Engbaers, 2005). Wellness programme has commonly focused on promoting worker health in reduction of individual risk-related behavior. For instance, tobacco use, poor nutrition and other avoidable health behaviours (LaMontagne, 2004).Employees performance increased more than 2.5 times once employees health and wellness managed well (Grimard, 2009). In 2004, The United States National Workplace Health Promotion found that many companies provide various type of worksites wellness programmes (Linnan, 2004). They found that 26% provided health education, and 30% provided supportive social and physical environments, and 23.5% provided worksite screening. However, the effectiveness of worksites wellness programme is effect by various issues, such as employees participation and the organizations implementation efforts (Kumar, McCalla Lybeck, 2009). According to Tsui (2008), the implementation efforts of wellness programme in Asian companies is far from desirable although the awareness of this issue is increased. 2.0 Definition of worksites wellness program According to Gold (2009) wellness programme was defined as a holistic approach that addresses the needs of individuals, whether its mental or physical needs or anything related to their family or work. Wellness programme focus on prevention, behavioral change and also offer tools for people to know their health risks and numbers, such as their cholesterol, sugar and body mass index. Offering them ways to learn the health information and solutions, focusing on three keys areas: healthy eating, helping people quit smoking, and let employees to be more active and really address their health needs. Wellness programme was being implemented by organization nowadays to create their worksites wellness programme (Craft, 1994). According to Wolfe and Parker (1994) Worksites wellness programme are long-term organizational activities designed to promote the adoption of organizational practices and personal behaviour conducive to maintaining or improving employee physiological, mental, and social well-being. (as cited in Ho, 1997). Sullivan (2000) mentioned that worksites wellness programme was a programme that intended to keep or develop employees health before the health disease occurs. From the perspective of a manager in an organization, wellness programme have the potential to reduce medical claims costs, decrease absenteeism, improve employee productivity, recruitment, and retention (Chang, Koh, Kang, 2005). For maximum impact on employee health, a comprehensive worksites wellness programme should focus on increasing awareness of wellness issues by providing employees health info rmation, supporting health management and promoting healthy work climates. Worksites wellness programmes included what consider being traditional efforts to maintain costs, including on-site fitness centers, healthy selections in company cafeterias, health assessments, employee assistance plans, and other programs that attempt to influence the organizational culture to ensure the workplace has a strong wellness culture (Kumar, et. al, 2009). 2.1 Importance of wellness programme in organization In recent years, there was a significant increasing trend for companies to introduce wellness programmes at the worksite (The Straits Times, 1994). According to Alsagoff (1993) in 1991, for example, the Singaporean employer had to pay S$252 in medical costs on every worker, which was a growth of some 6.8 per cent over the previous year. Worksites wellness programme is very important to a company as this can be proven by those companies which had made up their mind to adopt it, most of them mentioned that the primary reason in doing so was to increase employee productivity, to meliorate employees welfare advantages and morale, and to heighten the corporate reputation of the company (Wong, 1993). Worksites wellness programmes in the Western countries have a much older history and have been proven in many cases to be associated in a beneficial way to such essential opportunity costs as employee satisfaction, job performance, health care costs, absenteeism, and employee turnover (Shephard, 1992). Some companies have also savored nonphysical advantages such as enhanced employee spirit, health and generative, employee attraction and retention, and improved image for the corporations (Connors, 1992) after their employees reduced the rate of smoking and some of them even successfully quit smoking. Fielding (1994) studies conducted at Johnson Johnson showed affirmative opportunity costs, business-unit-wide, of health promotion programmes. These studies proved that effective wellness programme effects on uniform exercise participation, fitness levels, employee satisfaction, employees medical costs, smoker quit rates and on an indirect measure of productivity. Worksites wellness programme were also found to be very important in helping employees to having a better healthy lifestyle. A study of the Travellers Insurance Company health promotion programs reported a symptom of decreasing in health claims, absenteeism and employees insurance costs; an improvement in productivity; and a return on investment of roughly US$3.40 for every US$1.00 spent (Golaszewski Yen, 1992). Besides that, a cost-benefit study reported in the literature attributed minimized health care costs to Blue Shield and Blue Cross of Indianas health promotion programs, which resulted in a refund of US$2.51 for every US$1.00 of programs involves (Elias Murphy, 1986). According to Quick (1987), US organizations continue to lead almost European and Asian organizations in employee health promotion. This same goes to the issue in Singapore where the level of awareness or interest for corporate health promotion is low (Ministry of Health, Singapore, 1993). This is amazing in view of the high economic absenteeism rate arising from illness which is about seven days of medical leave per employee in 1991 and the huge amount of corporate medical expenses about $316 of medical cost per employee and annual corporate health care cost of around $416 million (Malik, 1993). 2.2 Effects of worksites wellness programme 2.2.1 Reduced employees absenteeism in organization The figure of sick hours and days an employee uses during a calendar year is referring to absenteeism (Leong, 1993). It is an important measure for monitoring the outcome of the effect of worksite wellness programme because it involved cost savings that may useable for company to development in other area. The economic effect of employee absenteeism are mainly from the costs of decreased productivity because of absenteeism cause from employees during working days, substitution of less experienced workers and the extra expense of hiring temporary workers. Every employee took an average of seven days of medical leave which causing in 10.4 million man days lost in 1991. Studies show that by implementing worksite wellness programme, absenteeism in the workplace can be deducted to at least 42 per cent (Gebhardt Crump, 1990). The latest research by using control grouping has found relations between reduction in absenteeism, health care costs and turnover rate and implementation of examina tion health promotion programmes (Klein, 1986). It has been forecasted that poor health and injury contribute for almost 60 per cent of all lost hours from work (Conrad, 1987). The main reason for absenteeism appears to be social psychological ones, which include work stress. As so, strategies oriented towards improving employee physical and emotional well-being have the possibility for impacting a main source of employee absence. There is much more pre-experimental type literature holds up the arguments that strengthen employee fitness level through wellness programs lead to reduction in absenteeism. At Blue Cross/Blue Shield of Ohio, USA, for instant, research indicated that as number of frequenly exercise increased, absenteeism in short term because of illness will be significantly decreased. This interpreted to about a day less of absenteeism a year for each frequent exerciser compared to non-exercisers (Lynch, 1990). An inversely proportional correlation between members involve d rates and the number of inattentive from work was also recorded at The Travellers Insurance (Shillingford Mackin, 1991). 2.2.2 Increased employees job satisfaction in organization Job satisfaction has become a critical issue in the workplace. Job satisfaction impacts the wellfare of employees and exercises a significant effect on the organization. Because of its outcome for the organization, involvement in job satisfaction is particularly high, for instant absenteeism and turnover (Cherrington, 1989) and for the worker, such as physical and mental health (ODonnell Ainsworth, 1984). As so, it is very important to have a satisfied workforce to become a competitive advantage for organizations. Research has shown that satisfied employees with improved spirit are more likely to contribute and hardworking as a consequence of an increased signify of duty, responsibility and an obligation to the superior or employer (Shinew Crossley, 1988). The question mark then started to come into the scenario whether introduce to worksite wellness programme would be applicable to increase employees spirit sufficiently to result in better job satisfaction. Affirmation to this question mark can be provided and shown by companies such as Johnson Johnson General Electric. For instant, in 1987, General Electric Company in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA served and functioned as host for a research to examine and note the similarities or differences of employees recreation participation with those of employees fitness participation. Comparison of overall job satisfaction among different employees and absenteeism were chosen randomly from a total of 900 employees through computerized personnel file. Results showed that employees who involves at any stage showed high job satisfaction and lesser absenteeism rate than employees who never take part from the beginning until the end (Baun, 1986). 2.2.3 Reduced employees stress in organization Stress in organizations is a serious issue among management practitioners because of its nonadaptive phenomenon on organizational effectiveness. According to the 1993 World Labour Report from the International Labour Organization, in twentieth century stress has become one of the most concern health issues. In the USA, job stress has been approximated to cost industries around US$200 billion every year, and stress is estimated to price up to 10 per cent of the gross national product in the United Kingdom (Tang Harumontree, 1992). There is research prove that frequently links occupational stress with certain physical health symptoms and diseases. Different kind of cancer, heart disease, migraine, allergies, ulcers, depression and an increased tendency of minor ailments for instant flu and colds which have been associated with stress (Sethi Schuler, 1990). Nowadays, there is a growing body of experimental and clinical research confirming the notion that physical fitness can direct to significant reductions in job stress. Uniform and exact physical activity has been shown to lessen the percentage of heart attacks, heart rate, mental disorders, muscle tension , blood pressure all and stress-interrelated indications. Research showed that frequently doing exercise can assist individuals by improving the level of resistance to any stimulus, so that a person is less expose to the effects of stress (Tarkan, 1991). Experts also stated that the best way that stress can be reduced were through joining fitness centre, yoga classes and educational seminars (Mobley, 1982). 2.3 The challenges of wellness programme in organization The United States 2004 National Worksite Health Promotion Survey reports that a successful worksite wellness programmes have facing five challenges (Linnan, Bowling, Childress, Lindsay, Blakey, Pronk, Wieker Royall, 2008). The survey found the following challenges; incompetence to prompt the support from upper management , 38% ; inadequate funds, 48.2%; failure to engage high-risk employees, 48%; insufficient staff resources, 50.1% , and lack of employee interest, 63.5% . According to Birken and Linnan (2006) these challenges should be identifying and addressing them by employers during the planning process as following. 2.3.1 Incompetence to prompt the support from upper management- The different level of management in the organization has different perception for the challenges to implement the worksites wellness programme (Orlandi, 1996). For example, the line supervisor or middle managers believe that the cost, space and production conflict were barriers while the senior manager had less focused and putting fewer efforts to overcome this challenge. 2.3.2 Inadequate funds- The lack of funds are the challenges often occurs when insufficient staff resources exists. When the worksites wellness programme is lack of designated staff to monitor, some potential funding or sources of support will be passed over. In United States, The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention provided organizations opportunities to funding for worksite wellness program (www.cdc.gov, 2010). 2.3.3 Failure to engage high-risk employees- High risk employees are those that have more health risk factors or those that have already tight with a chronic disease or illness (Haynes Dunnagan, 2002). High-risk employees might face challenges to participating in worksite wellness program than low-risk employees such as they will feel ill when participate in physical exercise programs (Emmons, Linnan, Abrams Lovell, 1996). According to Loeppke (2009) employers should integrating more personalized approach to encourage high risk employees to participate in the programs. For example, the employers should conducting a health coaching by using motivational interviewing to help the high risk employees changing their lifestyle behaviour to obtain healthier lifestyle. 2.3.4 Lack of Staff Resources- Staff resources are barriers for any program or activity that are not linked directly with companys business operation. Organization should provide staffs that interested and willing to organize the wellness programmes externally-sponsored training programs and wellness education workshop. For example, North Carolina State Division of Public Health has cooperated with the North Caronila State Health Plan to provide training workshop for state employees and teachers who interested in organizing employee wellness programme (www.statehealthplan.state.nc.us, 2006). 2.3.5 Lack of Employee Interest-. Employees interest in changing their behaviour and commitment to worksite wellness programme is the biggest challenges to a quality wellness program (Bonvissuto, 2010). According to Young (2006) some employees does not recognize the impact of worksite wellness programme which can enhance their personal health. Employees will lack of interest to participate for the worksite wellness programme due to this factor. A survey shows some reasons the employees not interesting in wellness program (Bates, 2009). The reasons shows as following: Inconvenient times of the program offered Lack of child care support The company benefits through this program and how it will affect the employees not being explained The program purpose is not clearly explained by organizer The advantages of the program to the employees cannot convey by lower level management under their authority Employees are annoyed and mistrustful with employer The program cost money to participants Hawks and Richins (1994) found that women were more probable to withdraw wellness programme than men (as cited in Erickson Gillespie, 1999 ). Hochschild (1989) explained this is caused by the family responsibility of married women as they need caring their children and keeping house. This will affects working women interest in participate the worksite wellness programme as they need to spend more time to caring their children after working hours. 2.4 The implementation process in worksites wellness programme The Wellness Council of America (WELCOA) was a United States not-for-profit organization which helped enhance the worksites wellness in the U.S (Hunnicutt Leffelman, 2008). WELCOA has become one of the important resources for worksite wellness in America and it have more than 3,200 organizations joined for its membership. Throughout the study of worksite wellness program for over 20 years, WELCOA Well Workplace model had defined seven critical steps for worksites wellness programme as following. 2.4.1 Capturing CEO Support- Gaining support from CEO is important to the process of developing worksite wellness programme. They found that some wellness programme that involved cost and tend to improve employees health failed to get a strong level management support. 2.4.2 Creating Cohesive Wellness Teams- After captured the CEO support the next process is create a cohesive wellness team. Teams are important to building successful wellness programmes. They help to distribute the responsibility for wellness throughout the organization. 2.4.3 Collecting Data to Drive Health Efforts- For the wellness team, their primary responsibility is to gather important data before start offering appropriate programmes. The data will be collected by using health risk appraisals, knowledge and interest surveys, and corporate culture audit. Data will clarify the specific area of health needs and interests within the organization so it is very important. 2.4.4 Carefully Crafting an Operating Plan- When the essential data have being collected, the organization has to develop health and wellness operating plan for employees. This operating plan will function as a roadmap and guidance to the company in order to having essential efforts and investment in workplace wellness. 2.4.5 Choosing Appropriate Interventions- After completed the first four processes, organization should begin selecting and implementing suitable wellness programme. These programmes include weight management, smoking cessation, physical management, stress management, and others. The selection of wellness programme is depends on what the companys data exposes. 2.4.6 Creating a Supportive Environment- Once choosing the appropriate interventions, organization should create a supportive environment for the programme. The employees will be supported and participated actively in the programme by having a supportive environment. The environmental interventions can be in the form of policies, physical modifications, incentives, and rewards. 2.4.7 Carefully Evaluating Outcomes- The final process for this model is carefully evaluating outcomes. The organizations should make the programme evaluation consistently. The evaluation targets include cost control, participant satisfaction, the participation rate, and behaviour modification. 2.5 The implementation methods of worksites wellness programme A survey shows that more than 81% of American businesses with 50 or more employees have offering worksites wellness programme (Homan, Nickelson, Zhu, 2007). The most popular wellness programme offered by businesses are smoking cessation, financial incentives, and physical activities or exercises. The selected program should be aligned with the organization factors which including: individual employee demographics, the company occupation, the employees health characteristic and companys objectives and goals. 2.5.1 Smoking Cessation Smoking is one of the most addictive habits, influencing behaviour of human beings and it is the biggest threats to world health (Yanbaeva, Dentener, Creutzberg, Wesseling Wouters, 2007). Peoples which smoke for life long will have a higher occurrence of common diseases such as atherosclerosis and lung cancer. Smoking cessation to employees is one of the methods which use by organizations in its wellness programme (Willemsem, Meijer Jannik, 1999). Smoking cessation in worksites is important as it will reduce non-smoker employee exposure of smoking and reducing workers tobacco consumption during working hour. 2.5.2 Financial Incentives Spaeder (2008) mentioned that worksites wellness programme also includes financial incentives and it applies in many companies (as cited in Kumar, et al., 2009). More than 70% of employees agreed that incentives programme motivate them to achieving healthy lifestyle. According to Cohn (2008), these incentives include cash prize, gift cards, or health insurance premiums. However, worksite wellness programmes financial incentives are bound by law (Mello Rosenthal, 2008). Under the provision of The United States Federal Law, The HIPAA Nondiscrimination Rules had determined the rules and regulations for employer which implementing incentives wellness programme in its organization (www.dol.gov, 2010). 2.5.3 Stress management The United States industry has been paid for employees stress-related absenteeism in high cost which affects more organization to develop stress management programme (Donovan Kleiner, 1994). Employees stress derived from these sources; physical, mental, and situational. Over work and poor diet are some causes that employees having physical stress. Mental stress can be found from employees mental state in mind such as fears. Situational stress is derived from employees interaction with outside world which including interaction with customers. The organization will determine the sources of stress facing by employees and implement appropriate methods to overcome their stress. Johnson Johnsons Live for Live programs which consist of stress management had significantly reduced employees absenteeism and health care expenditure( Ozminkowski, Goetzel, Bruno, Rutter, Isaac Wang, 2002). 2.5.4 Fitness programme Worksites fitness programmes are important for organization as it can lower employees absenteeism and job turnover (Wattles Harris, 2003). In United States, the fitness program offered by organizations such as on-site fitness centers has increased from 22% in 1985 to 42% in 1992. Besides reduce absenteeism and job turnover, participation in fitness activities can reduce employees risk of coronary heart disease (Cox Griffths, 1996). The majority of the regular exercisers reported they have less depression, stress and better sleep pattern. 2.5.5 Online Wellness Coach Some companies had also used online wellness coach to as their worksites wellness programme (Kumar, et al., 2009). The worlds biggest security company, American District Telegraph (ADT) had tackled employees health condition through their parent companys website, www.mytycohr.com. The major function of this website is enable the employees to check the companys wellness policies and apply health benefits that the company offers. The employees use this website as a guidance to manage stress, evade smoking, improving diet and other activities that will improve employees health. 2.5.6 Wellness Mentors Organization can also implementing wellness programme which conducting by the experts as worksites wellness mentors (Pollitt, 2007). Cadbury UK had implemented Nuffield Proactive Health (NPH) which conducted by NPH physiologist as their wellness programme. The employees who participated in this program were be given presentation from experts which covering various health and have an opportunity to reform positive team spirit during workout activities such as short-distance walk. The employees assessment for this wellness program was positive as 82 per cent employees increased awareness of their health and 52 per cent felt less stressed for works. 2.6 Case Summary This case study is about high absenteeism and healthcare cost by sick workers had effects some organizations to implement wellness policies. Wellness programme being designed as they found that about 70% sick workers healthcare cost was arise from preventable chronic diseases. As a result, one-third of small companies offer wellness programme such as onsite or offsite fitness centre, smoking cessation programmes, onsite health checks and others. Despite improving employees health, they will obtain impressive return on investment: which more than three dollars for every dollar they invested. Crown Laboratories had implemented wellness programmes as the employees absenteeism rate and healthcare cost was high. Its wellness programmes included onsite health assessments and smoking cessation even off hours to employees. Another company Weyco also implemented smoking cessation policy which the employees will be dismissing for failing stop smoking. Organizations smoking cessation policy may face employees dissatisfaction. Scotts Miracle-Gro Inc. had sued by its employees for alleging discrimination by law but the case is pending. 3.0 Question 1 What are the advantages and disadvantages of wellness policies such as the one that Crown Lab has implemented? 3.0.1 The Advantages of Wellness Programme The advantages of wellness programme is for organizations which offer wellness programmes to their employees are perceived more confidently by their employees in terms of their attitudes towards the organizations, job fulfillment stages and satisfaction with fringe benefits. One viewpoint is that employers who offer wellness programmes are deemed to be indicating care and concern for the welfare of their employees (Shinew Crossley, 1988) and the consequence is, improving employees attitudes and behaviour towards the organization. In terms of job satisfaction, employees in organizations with wellness programmes showing higher levels of job satisfaction than those with no wellness programmes, thus implying that wellness programmes may well have a positive impact on employees job satisfaction. This can be proven by the study by General Motor Company which shows that employees who involved in the fitness activities showed higher levels of job satisfaction than employees who did not take part (Baun, 1986). The reason is that frequently exercise improves employees state of feeling, self-image and self-esteem which in other land may direct to a larger amount of satisfaction with the work he or she does (Pritchard, 1990). Employees also uttered that they value wellness programmes as a vital and valuable fringe benefit, and the absence of such a gain may lead to better employee satisfaction. This can be viewed in the outcome whereby workforce in organizations with wellness programmes were notably more fulfilled with their fringe benefits than their counterparts in organizations with no wellness programmes (Schauffler Rodriguez, 1994). On the one hand, the Government has been promoting healthy living for example The great Singapore workout as a result causing people to be further health-conscious, and on the other hand, sarcastically, only a small number of organizations provide corporate wellness programmes for their workers and take it critically sufficient to allow it to be advantageous for their workers. 3.0.2 The Disadvantages of wellness programme. The first disadvantage of wellness programme is about privacy issues. Employees have true concerns regarding how their personal information will be handled. Many wellness programs have need of some sort of early assessment, and this evaluation can expose many wellbeing issues that the employee may hope to keep private (Lindsey, 1992). If an employee has an embarrassing illness or one that possibly will make him up to discrimination, he may not take part for fear of revelation. The second disadvantage is about the start-up cost incur in wellness programme. Many wide-ranging programs cost a good bit of capital to begin, which gets recouped after a while (Jackie, 1998). Although it may be an excellent proposal for an organization, starting an employee wellness program could not be a wise suggestion given your companys financial position at the time. The third disadvantage is the time constraint. According to American Heart Association (AHA) many single parents, employees with huge families and small children or those with an intense workload might not have the time to vigorously involvement in employee wellness programmes. If employee wellness is a true company main concern, then changes may possibly have to be made in work flow and procedures sequentially to let for involvement by employees. Lastly, the disadvantage of the wellness programme is the employee habits. Those employees who are health aware are by now exercising and watching what they consume. Companies arent going to alter their way of life with a wellness program. Those who need to adjust their lifestyle may keep away from joining as they are not actually motivated to make the changes crucially to be fit (Laura, 1999). In this situation, unless companies are doing a good job with promoting and recruiting for the program then companies will have an ideal wellness program that it should be. 3.1 Question 2 What are the ethical implications of policies such as this? How much control should companies have over employees lifestyles away from the workplace? Crown lab and Scotts Miracle-Gro companies throws up several ethical concerns linked with the position of organizations in the lives of their employees. One of the concerns is that commercial motives may break ethical norms in the use of information resulting since the monitoring of employee programmes. Fielding (1990) notes the significance of employee reliance that confidentiality will be maintained and relates this to concerns over employee observation and broader arguments over the right of privacy. This relates back to Conrad and Walshs (1992) concern over the ethics of screening for health and fitness. Ethical issues take place when employers have to make decisions among economic and humanistic alternatives for instance, possible sick time, lower output, or whether the human caring position is prioritized. Employees might be positioned in a difficult condition, whereby implicit pressure is applied to fulfill with an exacting healthy lifestyle communication. Next, Grant and Bris bin (1992) also stated that consideration have to be given to the expected objections which will be raised by the non-health a

Concepts of Evolution and DNA in Biology

Concepts of Evolution and DNA in Biology Because the fossil record did not exhibit Darwins predicted slow and gradual evolution with transitional forms, some paleontologists sought to find a theory of evolution where, changes in populations might occur too rapidly to leave many transitional fossils (see Figure from Gould and Eldredge 1977 . In 1972, Gould and Eldredge proposed the theory of punctuated equilibrium where most evolution takes place in small populations over relatively rapid geological time periods. By reducing the numerical size of the transitional population and the number of years for which it exists, punctuated equilibrium greatly limits the number of organisms bearing transitional characteristics. Since many organisms are not fossilized, this increases the likelihood that transitional forms would not be fossilized. One strength of this theory is that Gould and Eldredge claim it is predicted by population genetics. But what are the implications of punctuated equilibrium? Under punctuated equilibrium, species usually change little as, gradual change is not the normal state of a species. Large populations may experience, minor adaptive modifications of fluctuating effect through time but will rarely transform in toto to something fundamentally new. This is called stasis. But small peripheral populations may allow for more change at a quicker rate. Gould argued that most macroevolutionary change takes place in such populations during speciation such that there is insufficient time for the transitional forms to be fossilized: Speciation, the process of macroevolution, is a process of branching. And this branching â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦ is so rapid in geological translation (thousands of years at most compared with millions for the duration of most fossil species) that its results should generally lie on a bedding plane, not through the thick sedimentary sequence of a long hillslope. What is meant by phylogeny? Give an account on phylogeny of humans. Ans- The context of evolutionary biology is phylogeny, the connections between all groups of organisms as understood by ancestor/descendant relationships. Not only is phylogeny important for understanding paleontology, but paleontology in turn contributes to phylogeny. Many groups of organisms are now extinct, and without their fossils we would not have as clear a picture of how modern life is interrelated. We express the relationships among groups of organisms through diagrams called cladograms, which are like genealogies of species. Phylogenetics, the science of phylogeny, is one part of the larger field of systematics, which also includes taxonomy. Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying the diversity of organisms. In humans- it is used to the transfer of genes. In general, organisms can inherit genes in two ways: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer is the passage of genes from parent to offspring, and horizontal gene transfer or lateral gene transfer occurs when genes jump between unrelated organisms, a common phenomenon in prokaryotes. Horizontal gene transfer has complicated the determination of phylogenies of organisms, and inconsistencies in phylogeny have been reported among specific groups of organisms depending on the genes used to construct evolutionary trees. Carl Woese came up with the three-domain theory of life (eubacteria, archaea and eukaryotes) based on his discovery that the genes encoding ribosomal RNA are ancient and distributed over all lineages of life with little or no horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, rRNAs are commonly recommended as molecular clocks for reconstructing phylogenies. This has been particularly useful for the phylogeny of microorganisms, to which the species concept does not apply and which are too morphologically simple to be classified based on phenotypic traits. DNA is genetic material. Describe two classical experiments to support this statement. Ans- Clarification came during the First World War. During the war, hundreds of thousands of servicemen died from pneumonia, a lung infection caused by the baceterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. In the early 1920s, a young British army medical officer named Frederick Griffith began studying Streptococcus pneumoniae in his laboratory in the hopes of developing a vaccine against it. As so often happens in scientific research, Griffith never found what he was looking for (there is still no vaccine for pneumonia), but instead, he made one of the most important discoveries in the field of biology: a phenomenon he called transformation. Dr. Griffith had isolated two strains of S. pneumoniae, one of which was pathogenic (meaning it causes sickness or death, in this case, pneumonia), and one which was innocuous or harmless. The pathogenic strain looked smooth under a microscope due to a protective coat surrounding the bacteria and so he named this strain S, for smooth. The harmless strain of S. pneumoniae lacked the protective coat and appeared rough under a microscope, so he named it R, for rough . Dr. Griffith observed that if he injected some of the S strain of S. pneumoniae into mice, they would get sick with the symptoms of pneumonia and die, while mice injected with the R strain did not become sick. Next, Griffith noticed that if he applied to the S strain of bacteria, then injected them into mice, the mice would no longer get sick and die. He thus hypothesized that excessive heat kills the bacteria, something that other scientists, including Louis Pasteur, had already shown with other types of bacteria. However, Dr. Griffith didnt stop there he decided to try something: he mixed living R bacteria (which are not pathogenic) with heat-killed S bacteria, then he injected the mixture into mice. Surprisingly, the mice got pneumonia infections and eventually died (Figure 3). Dr. Griffith examined samples from these sick mice and saw living S bacteria. This meant that either the S bacteria came back to life, an unlikely scenario, or the live R strain was somehow transformed into the S strain. Thus, after repeating this experiment many times, Dr. Griffith named this phenomenon transformation. This discovery was significant because it showed that organisms can somehow be genetically re-programmed into a slightly different version of themselves. One strain of bacteria, in this case the R strain of S. pneumoniae, can be changed into something else, presumably because of the transfer of genetic material from a donor, in this case the heat-killed S strain. Scientists around the world began repeating this experiment, but in slightly different ways, trying to discover exactly what was happening. It became clear that, when the S bacteria are killed by heat, they break open and many substances are released. Something in this mixture can be absorbed by living bacteria, leading to a genetic transformation. But because the mixture contains protein, RNA, DNA, lipids, and carbohydrates, the question remained which molecule is the transforming agent? This question was examined in several ways, most famously by three scientists working at The Rockefeller Institute (now Rockefeller University) in New York: Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty. These scientists did almost exactly what Griffith did in his experiments but with the following changes. First, after heat-killing the S strain of bacteria, the mixture was separated into six test tubes. Thus, each of the test tubes would contain the unknown transforming agent. A different enzyme was then added to each tube except one the control which received nothing. To the other five tubes, one of the following enzymes was added: RNase, an enzyme that destroys RNA; protease, an enzyme that destroys protein; DNase, an enzyme that destroys DNA; lipase, an enzyme that destroys lipids; or a combination of enzymes that break down carbohydrates. The theory behind this experiment was that if the transforming agent was, for example, protein the transforming agent would be destroyed in the test tube containing protease, but not the others. Thus, whatever the transforming agents was, the liquid in one of the tubes would no longer be able to transform the S. pneumonia strains. When they did this, the result was both dramatic and clear. The liquid from the tubes that received RNase, protease, lipase, and the carbohydrate-digesting enzymes was still able to transform the R strain of pneumonia into the S strain. However, the liquid that was treated with DNase completely lost the ability to transform the bacteria . Thus, it was apparent that the transforming agent in the liquid was DNA. To further demonstrate this, the scientists took liquid extracted from heat-killed S. pneumoniae (S strain) and subjected it to extensive preparation and purification, isolating only the pure DNA from the mixture. This pure DNA was also able to transform the R strain into the S strain and generate pathogenic S. pneumoniae. These results provided powerful evidence that DNA, and not protein, was actually the genetic material inside of living cells. PART-B Do the two strands of DNA duplex carry the same genetic information? Explain. Ans:- No,the two strands of dna duplex carry different information ,because  complementary  base pairs  binding to form a  double helix.The two chains are wound round each other and linked together by hydrogen bonds between specific complementary bases to form a spiral ladder-shaped moleculeThe stabilization of  duplex  (double-stranded) DNA is also dependent on base stacking. The planar, rigid bases stack on top of one another, much like a stack of coins. Since the two purine.pyrimidine pairs (A.T and C.G) have the same width, the bases stack in a rather uniform fashion. Stacking near the center of the helix affords protection from chemical and environmental attack. Both hydrophobic interactions andvan der Waals forces  hold bases together in stacking interactions. About half the stability of the DNA helix comes from hydrogen bonding, while base stacking provides much of the rest. What is the difference between Z and B- DNAs? ANS:- Z-DNA  is one of the many possible double helical structures of  DNA. It is a left-handed double helical structure in which the double helix winds to the left in a zig-zag pattern. alternating  purine-pyrimidine  sequence (especially poly(dGC)2), negative  DNA supercoiling  or high salt and some  cations  (all at physiological temperature, 37 °C, and pH 7.3-7.4). Z-DNA can form a junction (called a B-to-Z junction box) in a structure which involves the extrusion of a base pair.  The Z-DNA conformation has been difficult to study because it does not exist as a stable feature of the double helix. Instead, it is a transient structure that is occasionally induced by biological activity and then quickly disappears. B-DNA It is an antiparallel double helix.It is a right-handed helix. The base-pairs are perpendicular to the axis of the helix. (Actually, they are very slightly tilted at an angle of 4 degrees)The axis of the helix passes through the centre of the base pairs.Each base pair is rotated by 36 degrees from the adjacent base pair.The base-pairs are stacked 0.34 nm apart from one another.The double helix repeats every 3.4 nm, i.e. the pitch of the double helix is 3.4 nm.B-DNA has two distinct grooves: a MAJOR groove; and, a MINOR groove. These grooves form as a consequence of the fact that the beta-glycosidic bonds of the two bases in each base pair are attached on the same edge. However, because the axis of the helix passes through the centre of the base pairs, both grooves are similar in depth. 6. What is the role of RNA in DNA replication? ANS:- RNA WAS NEED TO INTIATE THE TRANSCRIPTION PROCESS.   On the lagging strand, primase builds an RNA primer in short bursts. DNA polymerase is then able to use the free 3 OH group on the RNA primer to synthesize DNA in the 5 † Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 3 direction. The RNA fragments are then removed (different mechanisms are used in eukaryotes and prokaryotes) and new deoxyribonucleotides are added to fill the gaps where the RNA was present. DNA ligase is then able to ligate the deoxyribonucleotides together, completing the synthesis of the lagging strand. This rna primer was a short strand of RNA that is synthesized along single-stranded DNA during replication, initiating DNA polymerase-catalyzed synthesis of the complementarystrand.  

The Social, Cultural, and Historical Issues in Coral Island and Lord of

The Social, Cultural, and Historical Issues in Coral Island and Lord of the Flies At first sight, ‘Coral Island’ seems an extremely pompous and arrogant novel. This, however, is because the book is being read from a 21st century perspective, whereas when Ballantyne wrote ‘Coral Island’ it was seen as a thoroughly enjoyable story. This is because the book was written in the 19th century, when the people of Britain felt that they had developed an organised society where humans were at their best and flourishing. As Ballantyne himself described the society: ‘Britons at the top of the tree, savages and pigs at the bottom.’ Looking at ‘Coral Island’ from a 20th century point of view, Golding analysed the book very critically and decided that it was an out of date, arrogant, false portrayal of society and that he could write a better book. He sat down and wrote ‘Lord of the Flies’ to show the problems of human nature. The island in the book was used just as a place to put his group of boys away from the adult world, but also had symbolic values linked closely to the theme of evil in man throughout the novel: ‘The island itself is a symbol of perfection and paradise, and the instant that humans arrive, a scar of destruction is left through the once perfect forest. The island is also boat shaped, and looking out at the waves at a point on the island gives the illusion that it is moving backwards. This symbolises a journey in which man is always moving on, but makes no progress in life.’ As well as being linked to Golding’s beliefs, the use of the island also enabled direct comparisons with ‘Coral Island’. Golding hated the tone and ideas of Ballantyne in ‘Coral Island’, and expressed his thoughts publi... ...e rescue in the end where adult life appears, dignified and capable, but in reality enmeshed in the same evil as the symbolic life of the children on the island. The officer, having interrupted a manhunt, prepares to take the children off the island in a ship which will presently be hunting its enemy in the same way. And who will rescue the officer?’ Overall, I think the main theme running throughout ‘Coral Island’ is the nobility and courage of Victorian England, that the English are innocent and that they can do nothing wrong. These views are completely turned upside down by Golding in ‘Lord of the Flies’. I think Golding makes a very clear point that society holds everyone together. Without strong government and rules, mayhem and savagery will thrive, and without policemen and schools men revert to their primitive beginnings as hunters and killers.

Response To Intervention Essay -- Educational Issues, NCLB, teaching

RTI, is an acronym that has become commonly used in education after No Child Left Behind was implemented, but what does that acronym mean? Brown-Chidsey and Steege quoted Dave Tilly, a school psychologist, as saying that RTI actually means â€Å"really terrific instruction!† RTI is defined differently in different states. Some would argue it is Response to Intervention, while others say that it means Response to Instruction. Brown-Chidsey and Steege state that whether you say intervention or instruction, it does not matter; the importance is that teachers use scientific based teaching that responds to students’ learning. There are several benefits of RTI. First, according to the Nebraska RTI website, research states that struggling readers have a higher risk of academic failure and school dropout. With RTI, readers who are at risk of reading difficulties can be identified early and when provided intervention can catch up with grade level classmates. Second, teachers no longer have to wait for students to fail before interventions can begin. RTI provides a consistent model and procedures to make data driven team based educational decisions for all students. Starting the general education classroom, the first indication that a student is not performing at grade level in an academic area, a research based intervention is provided. With data from progress monitoring, and based on IDEA 2004, data from RTI may be used as part of the comprehensive evaluation for special education eligibility. Third, RTI can be set up by district. The district can determine appropriate assessments, curriculum and interventions that meet their needs, as long as they follow the model. According to the RTI Nebraska website, even though some... ...e of students. Works Cited Brown-Chidsey, R., & Steege, M. W. (2010). Response to Intervention: Principles and Strategies for Effective Practice (2nd edition ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. National Center on Response to Intervention. (n.d.). National Center on Response to Intervention Retrieved November 11, 2011 from http://www.rti4success.org Nebraska RtI Implementation & Support Team. (n.d.). Nebraska RtI Implementation & Support Team. Retrieved November 11, 2011, from http://rtinebraska.unl.edu Response to Intervention - Educational Service Unit 10. (n.d.). Welcome - Educational Service Unit 10. Retrieved November 11, 2011, from http://www.esu10.org/programs-services/teaching-learning/rti Response to Intervention. (n.d.). Nebraska Department of Education | NDE. Retrieved November 11, 2011, from http://www.education.ne.gov/RTI/index.html

Critique on John Holt’s Artitlce, Right to Ones Own Learning Essay

John Holt (1923-1985) was a renowned teacher and a controversial educational figure who advocated the school reform. His analysis on the concept of homeschooling from various perspectives provides a deeper insight on the beneficial aspects of this idea. It was because of the persuading appeal of his work that it became one of the forces behind the homeschooling movements of 70’s and 80’s. After graduating from his university he served the US Navy for 3 years and after concluding his duty tour he became a part of the UWF( United World Federalists). Starting from the mailroom, he was able to set his mark at the executive director post after 6 years but resigned because of the ineffectiveness of the company. It was after this history when he was constantly urged by his sister to put his efforts into teaching. Being surrounded by hundreds of young minds, he was able to analyze the bugs in the universal education system that eats up the potential of the students. Holts’ exceptional works , Escape from childhood: The needs and rights of children, How children learn and How children fail, were a reflection of his rigid belief in the idea of homeschooling. His article in the Nature Child Project emulates the same believes. In his article John Holt has been able to persuade the readers about the beneficial aspects of the concept of homeschooling while giving a detailed evaluation of the constitutional flaws of the universal education system and the necessary role of the parents in enhancing the potential of their kid. However the writer loses the interest of the readers with his biased opinion on the structure of the universal education system where he has tried to persuade the audience with an emotional impact instead of presenting a logical reasoning to support his claims, makes the audience question the credibility of the text. The compulsory universal education system in the constitution does not only breakdown the developing potential of the kids but also takes away their right of curiosity factor which gives them the freedom to learn and explore. Giving full liberty of choice does not mean that the parent’s opinion loses its worth, but, their efforts should be to provide an organized pathway to their kids so that they can lead the way with their own choices with a better perspective. Further he sheds light on the structure of the education system which exploits the ethical and emotional values of everyone involved. The necessity of performing to survive amongst the immense competition leads to each person, whether the student or the authority itself, dragging down others to get at the top. The writer carries a persuasive approach to attract and convince the audience, portraying an advantageous image of homeschooling. With his constant attack on the universal education methodology from fundamental perspective and his comments on the immoral viruses induced in the students by the structure of this education system, he is trying to highlight the audience with the necessity of homeschooling. An idea which carries a more widened approach towards learning and boosting the potential skills of the students, keeping them safe of the social isolation and the unethical morals on which the universal education system works. Highlighting the concept of universal education and the issues concerned to it, the writer has narrowed down the subject to those countries which works on this system. Though his approach to highlight the psychological aspect and the issue concerned to the development of social and ethical practices of a student are shared by all. So whilst keeping under discussion the bugs of the American Universal Education system, he has broadened the discussion to a globalised audience and highlighted the issues faced by all encompassing. Holt has given an organized structure to the content of the text. Starting with an explanation of the subject matter, he has engaged the audience to the topic under discussion and then he has pinned down the questions of the audience concerned to the topic by giving legitimate facts to support his claims. After which he gives an insight to the flaws of the universal education system which further supports his stand on the subject matter. He has tried explaining each issue using a popular style of writing, so that the text can be enjoyed by a broader audience and they can develop a clear understanding of the subject matter in the text. The uniform transition of the text has made it easier for the audience to link the following point to the one before it, and develop a clear understanding of the issues highlighted as each point being discussed is clarifying the point discussed before it. With his utter focus on the topic, he has not distracted from the main issue on a single instance. This helps the audience to develop a clear understanding of the issues he has put forth. Carrying a serious, straightforward tone and his mastery over sarcasm he has been able to depict the true image of the universal education system . His use of sarcasm on various instances in the article plays a pivotal role in helping the reader identify the reality juxtaposed against the false picture of universal education portrayed by the authorities. For example when he states ,† They thought it was enough to guarantee citizens the freedom of speech and the freedom to spread their ideas†¦.. it did not occur to them that even the most tyrannical government would try to control people’s mind†( Holt 1) This captures the interest of the readers and explains the fundamental issue of constitutional flaw concerned to education policy , which is designed in such a way that it restricts the freedom of thought and learning of the kid. On another instance he states,† It only means that if their natural authority is not strong enough parents can’t call in the cops to make the child do what they are not able to persuade him to do. † (Holt 2) Here he effectively conveys his disapproval of the hardships that the kid has to face if he/she resists the structured plan of the authorities, with that enlightening the necessity of the positive response of the parents in shaping their child’s potential. It is the attitude they carry towards their child’s potential and his field of interest, that they can either make their child or break their child. Along with sarcasm the writer makes effective use of a serious and straightforward tone to convey his thoughts on the significance of the fundamental rights which are snatched away from the students by the constitution itself , saying, â€Å"No human right except the right to life itself is more fundamental than this. (Holt 1) Further to illuminate the reader about the unethical values that are induced in us by the structure of the educational system the writer says, † In most schools, a student is every minute doing what others tell him, subject to their judgment, in situations in which he can only win at the expense of the others. † (Holt 3) On this occasion he evokes the threat to ethical and emotional values of the student body that the educational system imposes. Having said that, the writer loses the credibility of his work when he starts generalizing his opinion on a few cases and making biased assumptions while commenting on the parenting concerned questions raised by the people, when he states, † the questioner assumes and implies (though rarely says) that these bad parents are people poorer and less schooled than him. â€Å"( Holt 2) He has narrowed his response to just the poor without even being sure whether the question implies to the poor or it may be applicable to everyone. He makes strong allegations against the education system when he claims ,† schools seem to me among the most democratic, most authoritarian, most destructive and most dangerous institutions of the modern society. † (Holt 3) The absence of logical explanation to support such allegations makes the audience believe the writer is trying to put shadow on the lack of weight in his claims, by using an unnecessary emotional impact. Despite his biased assumptions and the fact that the writer has not been able to provide a logical reasoning while stating his views concerned to the social and unethical impact of the education system. His detailed explanations and a series of empirical analysis of his facts on the issues concerned to the fundamental perspective and necessity of parent’s role is commendable and many can relate to it. Therefore in this context the writer has been able to attract the readers to his opinion, as the credibility of the text carries a greater weight compared to its flaws. Although Pakistani society does not share the universal education concept, the issues brought forth by Holt concerning to academic, ethical and social development are shared by global student body. Questions concerning the duty of parents on this subject, the exploitation of ethics and freedom of learning by the authorities has become a concern for people students of Pakistani society too. The way the education system is shaped restricts the students to follow a structured plan, against their wills, to fit in the society. Lack of exposure to versatile fields of work has turned the students in to robots who are manufactured for a specific function and are dumped if not workable. A student with a sheer creative talent would be forced to become an engineer to â€Å"fit in† because of the lack of choices and resources to enhance his skills. As John Holt sheds light on the substantial duty of the parents concerned to their child , it cannot be ignored that parents are burdened with a certain responsibility to provide their child with the ideal resources, preparing them to tackle the hardships of a practical life. John Holt on the other hand was never married nor had any children. He does not share this concern and might not be able to get an insight on their perspective. Though his claim, that the positive attitude of the parent’s can boost their child’s potential, is supported by the quoted work of educational expertise in Chris Klicka’s article , Socialization: Homeschoolers are in the real world. Dr Larry Shyers after doing an empirical analysis on the subject matters concluded , † home-schooled children behave better because they tend to imitate their parents† (Klicka 1) Questions are raised regarding the socializing skills and maturity of the homeschooled students. The Psychological tests and their evaluation by the authorities in Chris Klicka’s article, † Socialization: homeschoolers are in real world, speak a different language on this concept. The widened exposure to the people of different age group and distinctive backgrounds enhances their communication skills. This concept was authorized by a respected psychologist, John Wesley Taylor. He tested the social skills of 224 children and summed up the experimental response stating ,† The study found that 50 percent of the children scored above the 90th percentile, and only 10. percent scored below the national average. † (Klicka 1) Smedley, an authority in the field of psychology, doing an experimental evaluation on this issue concluded ,† the results demonstrated that the home-schooled children were better socialized and more mature than the children in the public school. The home-schooled children scored in the 84th percentile while the matched sample of public school children only scored in the 27th percentile. † (klicka 1)This study further answers the concerning questions of the audience relating to the development and learning skills. With a liberty to pursue the work which they want to, homeschooled holds a more focused perspective which enhances their learning. They tend to perform better than the students of the universal education system, on the SAT’s and other tests which evaluates the learning skills of the students. Chris Klicka, Senior Counsel for the Home School Legal Defense Association, states in his article, â€Å"Home school families, as a whole, do not raise their children in social isolation. â€Å"( Klicka 1) which provides a supporting base to Holt’s claim on the social isolation faced by the students of the education system. Even with all logical evidence and legitimate explanation supporting Holt’s claim this ideology cannot be generalized to everyone. There are kids who would prefer to go to the school and enjoy an exposure to that environment willfully. Many scholars agree that cognitive development should not be pushed and that uniformity is provided by the organized educational system, which has reformed some of its structures to deal with the bugs that Holt’s has stated. The transition in the educational structure to tackle the bugs of the educational system is pretty evident . The perfection of the vast curriculum and academic facilities provided by the educational centers which induces an atmosphere of healthy competition and helps in shaping the potential skills of the students providing them with a better perspective. The concerns raised by John Holt about the education system are valid and there is no doubt that many people can relate to them, but, this should not let the audience ignore the voice of those who contradict with his views. Many scholars agree that the educational system should be reformed in such a way that these two contradicting views are imbued together. The education system is in sheer need of reformation and still has to deal with most of the concerns raised by John Holt, but, that does not mean students should not be given an exposure to this experience. As years have passed the platform to perform and interact with people of diverse backgrounds, provided by the educational institutes, has broadened. In conclusion, this would not just help in giving a reformed structure to the concept of learning but when exposed to the positive aspects of both the structures student can enjoy the perks of both.